Table of Contents

• ḠOSL

  Cross-Reference

  See CLEANSING.

• GOŠNASP ASPĀD

  Cross-Reference

  Sasanian military commander. See ḴOSROW II.

• GŌSPAND

  Cross-Reference

  See  CATTLE.

• GOSPEL

  Cross-Reference

  See BIBLE.

• GOSTAHAM

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  name of two heroes in the Šāh-nāma.

• GOŠTĀSP

  A. Shapur Shabazi

  Kayanian king of Iranian traditional history and patron of Zoroaster.

• GŌŠURUN

  William W. Malandra

  the Pahlavi name for the soul of the Sole-created Bull.

• GOTARZES

  Cross-Reference

  See GŌDARZ.

• GOTTHEIL, RICHARD JAMES HORATIO

  Dagmar Riedel

  Gottheil’s tenure at the New York Public Library (NYPL) is of relevance to the field of Iranian studies because he oversaw the development of its Near Eastern and Asian collections, first as Chief of Semitica and Orientalia (1897-1901), and afterwards as Chief of the Oriental Division.

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• GÖTTINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF, HISTORY OF IRANIAN STUDIES

  Ludwig Paul

  History of Iranian Studies at the University of Göttingen.

• GOUVEA, ANTONIO DE

  Rudi Matthee

  (b. Beja, Portugal, 1575; d. Manzanares, Spain, 1628), Augustinian missionary and Portuguese envoy who visited Persia three times between 1602 and 1613 and who wrote on Persia.

• GOVĀḴARZ

  Cross-Reference

  a district in the medieval province of Qohestān in Khorasan. See BĀKARZ.

• GOWD-E ZEREH

  Cross-Reference

  See HĀMUN;

• GOWDIN TEPE

  Cross-Reference

  an archeological site in western Persia. See GODIN TEPE.

• GOWHAR

  Nasereddin Parvin

  a cultural journal published monthly from January 1973 to December 1978 (issue no. 72) of the philanthropic organization of Mortażā Nuriāni.

• GOWHAR ḴĀTUN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a Saljuq princess who became the second wife of the Ghaznavid Sultan Masʿud III (r. 1099-1115).

• GOWHAR-ĀʾĪN, Saʿd-al-dawla

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (d. 1100), Turkish eunuch slave commander of the Great Saljuqs.

• GOWHAR-E MORĀD (1)

  Cross-Reference

  philosopher and poet. See ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ LĀHĪJĪ

• GOWHAR-E MORĀD (2)

  Cross-Reference

  pen name of the 20th-century author Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Sāʿedi. See SA'EDI, GHOLAM-HOSAYN.

• GOWHAR-ŠĀD ĀḠĀ

  Beatrice Forbes Manz

  wife of Sultan Šāhroḵ b. Timur (r. 1409-47) and daughter of Ḡiāṯ-al-Din Tarḵān, a ranking amir under Timur.

• GOWHAR-ŠĀD MOSQUE

  Lisa Golombek

  constructed in the early 15th century, the Friday mosque for pilgrims to the tomb of Imam ʿAli al-Reżā in Mašhad, so named after this famous shrine.

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• GOWHARIN, SAYYED SĀDEQ

  Peter Avery

  Gowharin came from an old and distinguished family which traced its lineage back to the eponymous founder of the Nurbaḵšiyya, Sayyed Moḥammad Nurbaḵš (1392-1464). Himself a Sufi of the Ḵāksār order, his interest in mysticism went far beyond that of an academic.

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• GOWJA FARANGI

  Cross-Reference

  See TOMATO.

• GOWRAK

  Pierre Oberling

  a Kurdish tribe in northwestern Persia.

• GOWZ

  Cross-Reference

  See WALNUT.

• GŌZEHR

  Cross-Reference

  Bazarangid ruler in Fārs. See ARDAŠĪR I.

• GŌZIHR

  D. N. Mackenzie

  the Middle Persian development of an old Iranian compound adjective *gau-čiθra-, recorded in the Younger Avesta in the form gaočiθra-, as an epithet of the moon, “bearing the seed, having the origin of cattle” (or, “the ox”).

• ḠOZZ

  Peter B. Golden, C. Edmund Bosworth

  a significant Turkic tribe in western Eurasia in the 5th century.

• GRAND LODGE OF IRAN

  Cross-Reference

  See FREEMASONRY, iii-iv.

• GRANICUS

  Ernst Badian

  river (mod. Kocabaş Çay) flowing into the Sea of Marmara.

• GRANT DUFF, Sir EVELYN MOUNTSTUART

  Denis Wright

  (b. 1863; d. Bath, 1926), British diplomat serving successively in Rome, Tehran, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Berlin, then London.

• GRANT, Captain NATHANIEL PHILIP

  Denis Wright

  (b. New York, 1774; k. Ḵorramābād, 1810), a military officer of the East India Company.

• GRANTOVSKIĬ, EDVIN ARVIDOVICH

  Mohammad Dandamayev

  Grantovskiĭ specialized in the history of ancient Iranian tribes (especially the Medes, Persians and Scythians) and their civilizations. His research was based on Akkadian and Urartian inscriptions, Iranian texts, and classical sources  and on evidence of archaeology, ethnography, and folklore.

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• GRAPES

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGŪR.

• GRAPHIC ARTS

  Mortażā Momayyez, Peter Chelkowski

  Broadly speaking, graphic art and design have a long history in Persia; their antecedents can be seen in graphic motifs and patterns on ancient clay and metal vessels, stone reliefs, seals, brickwork, glazed tiles, plaster and wood carvings, cloths, carpets, marquetry, miniature paintings, calligraphy, and illumination of manuscripts.

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• GRAY, BASIL

  John Michael Rogers

  Gray's initiation into eastern art, for which there was then no provision at any British university, came in 1928, when he worked for a season on the excavations at the great palace of the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople, followed by study in Vienna under Josef Strzygowski, who was, however, already sunk deep in diffusionism.

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• GRAY, LOUIS HERBERT

  William W. Malandra

  In 1921 Gray was appointed associate professor of philology at the University of Nebraska, where he remained until his appointment at Columbia University as professor of Oriental Languages in 1926. In 1935, he became Professor of Comparative Linguistics, a position he held until his retirement in 1944.

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• GREAT BRITAIN

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Introduction, ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present, iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century, iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21, v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41, vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79, vii. British Travelers to Persia, viii. British Archeological Excavations, ix. Iranian Studies in Britian, Pre-Islamic, x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period, xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain, xii. The Persian Community in Britain, xiii. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies, xv. British Schools in Persia.

• GREAT BRITAIN i. INTRODUCTION

  EIr

  During the 16th century, several unsuccessful attempts were made by the Muscovy (or Russia) Company of London to develop trade between London and Persia via Russia.

• GREAT BRITAIN ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present

  Denis Wright

  Prior to the Safavid period, contacts between Britain and Persia were confined to the 13th century, and were infrequent and of short duration.

• GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century

  Abbas Amanat

  British imperial interests in Persia in the Qajar period were primarily determined by the concern for the security of colonial India and, secondarily, by trade, telegraphic communication, and financial or other conces-sionary agreements.

• GREAT BRITAIN iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21

  Mansour Bonakdarian

  In the late 1890s, the Foreign Office in London came to regard Germany as the main threat to the European balance of power and British imperial hegemony around the globe.

• Great Britain v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41

  Stephanie Cronin

  During the reign of Reżā Shah (1925-1941) a profound transformation took place in both the character and the scope of British influence in Persia.

• Great Britain vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79

  Fakhreddin Azimi

  For the greater part of the Qajar era (1796-1924) Persia was the scene of intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires.

• Great Britain vii. British Travelers to Persia

  Denis Wright

  The British, more than any others, have been prolific authors of travelogues, and memoirs about Persia.

• Great Britain viii. British Archeological Excavations

  St. J. Simpson

  excavations began in Persia before the so-called “French monopoly” on archeological excavations.

• Great Britain ix. Iranian Studies in Britain, Pre-Islamic

  A. D. H. Bivar

  Several fields of pre-Islamic Iranian Studies have seen great expansion during recent centuries, and to these, scholars and travelers from Great Britain have made substantial contributions.

• Great Britain x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period

  Charles Melville

  British interest in, and scholarship on, Persia and Persian culture in the Islamic period goes back to the first formal contacts between the two countries, that is, at least to the 16th century and the growth of Britain’s involvement in the Levant and East Indian trades.

• Great Britain xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain

  J. Michael Rogers

  The collecting of Persian art in Great Britain goes back at least to the missions despatched by the Safavid Shah ʿAbbās I (1588-1629) and the activities of the Sherley brothers at his court in Isfahan. The early 17th century also saw the growth of trade with Persia through the East India Company.

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• Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (1)

  Kathryn Spellman

  This entry will be treated in two separate articles: (1) Persian Community and (2) The Library for Iranian Studies.