Table of Contents
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GELĪM
Cross-Reference
See KELIM; see also CARPETS v. Flat-woven carpets: Techniques and structures; and vii. Islamic Persia to the Mongols.
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GELPKE, RUDOLF
HERMANN LANDOLT
Rudolf Gelpke was educated at the universities of Basel, Zürich, and Berlin. He became a noted writer in his early twenties, and his novel Holger und Mirjam was published in Zürich in 1951. His interests in the Islamic world began after a visit to Tunisia in 1952.
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GELŠĀH
Cross-Reference
See GAYŌMART.
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GEMCUTTING
Parviz Mohebbi
(Pers. ḥakkākī); the first-known reference in Persian to gem cutting is found in an anonymous treatise on jewelry, Jowhar-nāma-ye neẓāmī.
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GENÇOSMAN, MEHMED NURÎ
Tahsın Yazici
(b. Ağın district of Elazığ, 1897; d. Istanbul, 1976), Turkish poet and translator of Persian works.
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GENDARMERIE
Stephanie Cronin
the first modern highway patrol and rural police force in Persia. The Government Gendarmerie (Žāndārmerī-e dawlatī) was established in 1910 by the second Majles and proved the most enduring in a series of official projects for the modernization of the armed forces under the leadership of foreign officers.
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GENDER RELATIONS i
Farzaneh Milani
Gender relations in Persia. Overview of article: i. In Modern Persia, ii. In the Islamic Republic.
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GENDER RELATIONS ii
Hammed Shahidan
ii. In the Islamic Republic.
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GENGHIS KHAN
Cross-Reference
See ČENGĪZ KHAN.
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GENIE
Mahmoud Omidsalar
name of a category of supernatural beings believed to have been created from smokeless fire and to be living invisibly side-by-side the visible creation.
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GENOA
Michele Bernardini
an important port city in Liguria, in northwestern Italy, which during the Middle Ages played a significant role between Europe and the East, including Persia. Genoa was sacked by Muslim raiders from North Africa in 935 but became an economic and commercial power during the First Crusade (1096-1101).
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GEOGRAPHY
Multiple Authors
Geography of Persia and Afghanistan. Overview of the entry: i. Evolution of geographical knowledge, ii. Human geography, iii. Political geography, iv. Cartography of Persia.
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GEOGRAPHY i. Evolution of geographical knowledge
Xavier de Planhol
Geography of Persia and Afghanistan. The concept of Iran and ancient Iranian geography (Justi; Spiegel, I, pp. 188-243 and especially pp. 210-12; Herzfeld, pp. 671-720; Gnoli, 1980, 1989).
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GEOGRAPHY ii. Human geography
Xavier de Planhol
The primordial component of the land of Iran, since it was a sedentary world as opposed to the nomadic Tūrān, must have been situated above the level of the internal steppes and deserts, in the highland river valleys having both arable alluvial soils and plenty of water from the rainfall in the mountains.
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GEOGRAPHY iii. Political Geography
Xavier de Planhol
The territory of Tajikistan corresponds with the predominantly Iranian ethnic sector of the mountainous southeastern periphery of the Bukhara emirate, which came under Russian influence at the end of the 19th century.
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GEOGRAPHY iv. Cartography of Persia
CYRUS ALAI
The world’s oldest known topographical map is a Babylonian clay tablet (ca. 2300 B.C.E.) found at Nuzi in northeastern Iraq. The site covered by this map may have lain between the Zagros mountains and the hills running through Kirkuk.
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GEOLOGY
Eckart Ehlers
This article is concerned with those aspects of the geology of Persia that are of immediate economic and cultural significance for the country and its inhabitants, primarily (1) geological structure and orohydrographic differentiation of Persia, (2) geology and natural hazards, and (3) geology and natural resources.
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GEOPOTHROS
Cross-Reference
See GŌDARZ.
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GEORGIA
Multiple Authors
(Pers. Gorjestān; Ar. al-Korj). This series of entries covers Georgia and its relations with Iran.
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GEORGIA i. The land and the people
Keith Hitchins
At a crossroads of great empires to the east, west, and north throughout their history, the Georgians absorbed and adapted elements from the cultures of diverse peoples, while at the same time defending their political and cultural independence against all comers. The Georgians are today distinguished by a unique cultural heritage.
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