Table of Contents

• ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN KHAN ṬABĀṬABĀʾI

  Arif Naushahi

  (b. Delhi, 1727-28, d. after 1781), Sayyed, secretary (monši) by profession, political intermediary, and author of a popular history of India called Siar al-motaʾaḵḵerin.

• ḠOLĀM-REŻĀ ḴOŠNEVIS

  Maryam Ekhtiar

  Eṣfahāni, Mirzā (b. Tehran, 1829/30; d. Tehran, 1886/87), a calligrapher and epigraphist of late 19th-century Persia.

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• ḠOLĀMĀN-E ḴAṢṢA-YE ŠARIFA

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿABBĀS I; BARDA and BARDADĀRĪ v.

• ḠOLĀT

  Heinz Halm

  lit. "exaggerators," sing. ḡāli; an Arabic term originally used by Twelver Shiʿite (eṯnā ʿašariya) heresiographers to designate those dissidents who exaggerate the status of the Imams in an undue manner by attributing to them divine qualities.

• GOLBADAN BĒGOM

  Munibur Rahman

  (ca. 1522/23-1603), daughter of Ẓahir-al-Din Moḥammad Bābor, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, half sister of Bābor’s successor, Homāyun, and author of Homāyun-nāma, the account of the reign of Homāyun.

• GOLČIN GILĀNI

  Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Homa Katouzian

  (b. Rašt, 1910; d. London, 1972), pen name of the poet MAJD-AL-DIN MIR-FAḴRĀʾI. Throughout the 1940s, Golčin sent his compositions to Persia for publication; many appeared in the literary journals of the period, such as Soḵan, Yaḡmā, Armaḡān, Foruḡ, Yādgār, and Jahān-e now.

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• GOLČIN MAʿĀNI, AḤMAD

  Iraj Afshar

  (b. Tehran, 1916; d. Mašhad, 2000), literary scholar, bibliographer, and poet. He held various administrative and judicial posts in the Ministry of Justice (1934-59). His considerable knowledge of literary manuscripts was later put to good use when he was transferred to the Majles Library, where he catalogued the Persian and Arabic manuscripts.

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• GOLD

  Jennifer C. Ross & James W. Allan

  Persia possesses a number of gold sources—in the northwest (Azerbaijan and Zanjān), near Kāšān at the western edge of the central plateau, and, according to Strabo, in Kermān. Gold sources in Afghanistan are located in Badaḵšān, which is also the source region for lapis lazuli. 

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• GOLDEN HORDE

  Peter Jackson

  name given to the Mongol Khanate ruled by the descendants of Joči (Juji; d. 1226-27), the eldest son of Čengiz (Genghis) Khan.

• GOLDSMID, Major-General Sir Fredrick John

  Denis Wright

  (b. Milan, 1818; d. Hammersmith, England, 1909), British scholar, negotiator and arbitrator of Perso-Afghan boundary dispute.

• GOLESTĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  the title of two early 20th-century Persian newspapers.

• GOLESTĀN PALACE

  Cross-Reference

  See ARG.

• GOLESTĀN PALACE LIBRARY

  Cross-Reference

  See BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND CATALOGUES; ROYAL LIBRARY.

• GOLESTĀN PROVINCE

  Cross-Reference

  See GORGĀN.

• GOLESTĀN TREATY

  Elton L. Daniel

  agreement arranged under British auspices to end the Russo-Persian War of 1804-13. The origins of the war can be traced back to the decision of Tsar Paul to annex Georgia (December 1800) and, after Paul’s assassination (11 March 1801), the activist policy followed by his successor, Alexander I.

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• GOLESTĀN-E HONAR

  Kambiz Eslami

  a 16th-century treatise on the art of calligraphy, with brief biographical notices on a selection of past and contemporary calligraphers and artists, by the Safavid author and historian Qāżi Aḥmad b. Šaraf-al-Din Ḥosayn Monši Qomi Ebrāhimi.

• GOLESTĀN-E SAʿDI

  Franklin Lewis

  probably the single most influential work of prose in the Persian tradition, completed in 1258 by Mošarref-al-Din Moṣleḥ, known as Shaikh Saʿdi of Shiraz.

• GOLESTĀNA, ABU’L-ḤASAN

  Cross-Reference

  See ABU’L-ḤASAN GOLESTĀNA.

• GOLESTĀNA, ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Mirzā MOḤAMMAD

  Hamid Algar

  b. Šāh Abu Torāb Moḥammad-ʿAli (d. 1698-99), prominent religious scholar of the Safavid period, a scion of the Golestāna family of Ḥosayni sayyeds in Isfahan.

• GOLESTĀNA, ʿALI-AKBAR

  Maryam Ekhtiar

  (b. 1857-58; d. 1901), calligrapher, scholar, and mystic of late 19th-century Persia.

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• GOLGUN, FARID-AL-DAWLA Mirzā MOḤAMMAD-ḤASAN KHAN HAMADĀNI

  Parviz AḏkāʾI

  (1877-1937), constitutionalist and journalist.

• GOLHĀ, BARNĀMA-YE

  Daryush Pirnia with Erik Nakjavani

  lit. “Flowers Program”; a series of radio programs on music and poetry, on the air for almost twenty-three years (March 1956 to February 1979), which aimed at illustrating the perennial thematic and aesthetic relationships between poetry and traditional music in Persian culture.

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• GOLINDUCH

  Sebastian Brock

  or GOLEN-DOḴT (d. 591), female Christian martyr.

• GOLIUS, JACOBUS

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  (b. The Hague, 1596; d. Leiden, 1667), Dutch orientalist who widened the scope of Persian studies, as they had been pursued by Dutch Arabists since the end of the 16th century.

• GOLḴANI, MOḤAMMAD ŠARIF

  EVELIN GRASSI

  MOḤAMMAD ŠARIF (1770s-1827), poet and satirist from Kokand (Ḵōqand), bilingual in Persian and Chaghatay.

• GOLKONDA

  Cross-Reference

  See HYDERABAD.

• GOLPAR

  Hušang Aʿlam

  any of several perennial aromatic herbaceous plants of the genus Heracleum L. (fam. Umbelliferae) growing wild in humid alpine regions in Persia and some adjacent areas.

• GOLPĀYAGĀN

  Minu Yusofnezhad

  or GOLPĀYEGĀN; a šahrestān (county) and town located in Isfahan province, bordered on the east by the county of Barḵᵛār and Meyma, on the south by Ḵᵛānsār county, on the north by the counties of Maḥallāt and Ḵomeyn (Central province), and on the west by Aligudarz county (province of Lorestān).

• GOLPĀYAGĀNI, ABU’L-FAŻL

  Cross-Reference

  See ABU’L-FAŻL GOLPĀYEGĀNĪ.

• GOLPĀYAGĀNI, MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ

  Ahmad Kazemi Moussavi

  (1899-1993), Ayatollah Sayyed, a chief figure in the contemporary Shiʿite clerical hierarchy, who took a moderate stand in the opposition to what was considered the state’s disregard for Islamic principles in the name of modernization.

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• GOLPĀYEGĀNI DIALECT

  Cross-Reference

  See CENTRAL DIALECTS.

• GÖLPINARLI, ABDÜLBAKI

  Tahsin Yazıcı

  (1900-1982), Turkish scholar noted in particular for his studies of the Turkish Sufi orders. He joined many Sufi orders without remaining in any of them for long. His greatest interests were in Shiʿism and the Mevlevi (Mawlawiya) order.

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• GOLŠAHRI, SOLAYMĀN

  EIr

   or GÜLŞEHRÎ; 13th century Ottoman Sufi and poet who wrote in Persian and Turkish.

• GOLŠĀʾIĀN, ʿABBĀSQOLI

  Abbas Milani

  After private schooling at home, Golšāʾiān studied at the French-run Alliance Française and at the Dār al-fonun. In 1920, he enrolled in the new law school created by the Ministry of Justice (ʿAdliya). After completing the required courses in two years, he was employed at the same ministry.

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• GOLŠAN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  cultural magazine published in the early days of 1917 in Tehran by Sayyed Reżā Yazdi “Amir Reżwāni” (d. 1936), first twice a week and from its sixth year three times a week.

• GOLŠAN ALBUM

  Kambiz Eslami

  or Moraqqaʿ-e golšan; a sumptuous 17th-century album of paintings, drawings, calligraphy, and engravings by Mughal, Persian, Deccani, Turkish, and European artists in the Golestān Palace Library, Tehran.

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• GOLŠAN DEHLAVI, Shah SAʿD-ALLĀH

  Moinuddin Aqeel

  b. Ḵᵛāja Moḥammad-Saʿid (1664-1728), Naqšbandi Sufi and prolific poet in Persian with the pen name (taḵallosá) Golšan.

• GOLŠAN-E MORĀD

  John R. Perry

  a history of the Zand Dynasty (1751-94) by Mirzā Moḥammad Abu’l-Ḥasan Ḡaffāri.

• GOLŠAN-E RĀZ

  Hamid Algar

  lit. "The Rose Garden of Mysteries"; a concise didactic matnawi in a little over a thousand distichs on the key terms and concepts of Sufism, which has for long served as a principal text of theoretical mysticism in the Persian-speaking and Persian-influenced world.

• GOLŠANI ṢĀRUḴĀNI

  Tahsin Yazici

  a 15th-century Turkish poet who also wrote in Persian.

• GOLŠANĪ, EBRĀHIM

  Tahsin Yazici

  b. Moḥammad b. Ebrāhim b. Šehāb-al-Din (d. 1534), Sufi poet and the founder of the Golšaniya branch of the Ḵalwati Sufi order.

• GOLŠANI, MOḤYI MOḤAMMAD

  Tahsin Yazici

  b. Fatḥ-Allāh b. Abi Ṭāleb (1528/29-1606/7), scholar and author in Persian and Turkish and inventor of an artificial language.

• GOLŠEHRI, SOLAYMĀN

  Cross-Reference

  Sufi and poet in Turkish and Persian. See GÜLŠEHRI.

• GOLŠIRI, Hušang

  Ḥasan Mirʿābedini and EIr

  (b. Isfahan, 1938; d. Tehran, 2000), novelist who explored new literary techniques. He received the Lillian Hellman and Dashiell Hammett award (1997) via the Human Rights Watch Organization and was awarded the Osnabrück Peace prize (1999) from the Erich Maria Remarque Foundation for his defense of freedom of speech.

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• GOLSORḴI, ḴOSROW

  Maziar Behrooz

  (1943-1974), poet and revolutionary figure whose defiant stand during his televised show trial, and subsequent execution by firing squad in 1974, enshrined his place in the cultural and political history of modern Persia.

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• GŌMAL

  Shah Mahmoud Hanifi

  or Gōmāl:  a sub-province (woloswāli) and village in Paktiā province, eastern Afghanistan; a river originating in the Ḡazni province and flowing southeast through the Wazirestān tribal agency and  the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan; and a passage linking the eastern foothills of the Solaymān mountain range with the Indus plains.

• GOMBROON

  Cross-Reference

  See BANDAR-e ʿABBĀS(Ī).

• GOMBROON WARES

  Cross-Reference

  See CERAMICS; ČĪNĪ.

• GŌMĒZ

  Mary Boyce

  cow's urine.

• GOMIŠĀN

  Cross-Reference

  a district in Golestān Province. See GORGĀN.