Table of Contents
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CTESIPHON
Jens Kröger
(Ṭīsfūn), ancient city on the Tigris adjacent to the Hellenistic city of Seleucia, ca. 35 km south of the later site of Baghdad.
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ČŪB BĀZĪ
Robyn C. Friend
a category of folk dance found all over Persia (Hamada) and distinguished from other types of folk dance by the fact that the dancers carry sticks, which they strike together.
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ČŪB ḴAṬṬ
Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yusofi
a stick 20-30 cm long formerly used by neighborhood shopkeepers, especially butchers and bakers, to keep accounts.
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Čub-bāzi
music sample
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CUCUMBER
Hūšang Aʿlam
Cucumis sativus L. (of the family Cucurbitaceae), in Persia generally called ḵīār (with occasional slight variants), a term that is also employed to designate the fruit of certain other plants.
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CUCURBITAE
Cross-Reference
See CUCUMBER.
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CULTURE
Cross-Reference
See FARHANG.
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CUMIN
Hūšang Aʿlam
an umbelliferous plant of the Old World and its aromatic seeds.
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CUMONT, FRANZ VALÉRY MARIE
Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin
classical philologist and historian of religions, whose research resulted in a substantial contribution to the understanding of Mithraism and other oriental religions in the Roman empire.
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CUNAXA
A. Shapur Shahbazi
the Greek form of the name of a village located some 50 miles north of Babylon, where a decisive battle was fought on 3 September 401 B.C.E. between Cyrus the Younger and his brother Artaxerxes II.
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CUNEIFORM SCRIPT
Rüdiger Schmitt
the conventional name for a system of writing ultimately derived from the pictographic script developed by the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia (Uruk) around 3000 B.C.E. Cuneiform was written with a reed stylus, which left wedge-shaped impressions on soft clay tablets.
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ČŪPA
Cross-Reference
See DANCE.
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ČŪPĀN
Jean-Pierre Digard
or čōbān “shepherd” (Mid. Pers. and NPers. šobān); even today the shepherd remains a central figure, in both the technological life and consequently the symbolic life, of all systems of animal husbandry.
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ČUPĀNĪĀN
Cross-Reference
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CUPBEARER
James R. Russel
one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.
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CUPPING
Cross-Reference
See BLOODLETTING.
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CURTIUS RUFUS, QUINTUS
Philip Huyse
(probably fl. 1st century CE), author of the only extant Latin monograph on Alexander the Great, usually called Historiae Alexandri Magni, in many respects the most complete and liveliest account of Alexander’s exploits in Asia.
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CURZON, GEORGE NATHANIEL
Denis Wright
(1859-1925), 1st Marquess of Kedleston, British statesman, traveler, and writer.
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CUSTOMS DUTIES
Willem Floor
a tax levied on the movement of trade. A new law ensuring Persian autonomy in establishing tariffs (ḥoqūq-e gomrokī) was enacted on 1 May 1928; it provided for an ad valorem tariff on most goods, with special rates for certain luxuries like gold, silver, and tobacco.
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CUT PAPER
Barbara Schmitz
(qeṭʿa “decoupage,” also monabbat-kārī “filigree work”), a type of applied ornament documented in Persian manuscripts and sometimes on bookbindings from the approximate period 895-1060/1490-1650.
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