Table of Contents
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COURTS AND COURTIERS iv. Under the Mongols
Peter Jackson
During the early stages of the Mongol presence Persia was ruled, on behalf of the great khan (qaḡan, qaʾan/qāʾān) in Mongolia, by military governors based in Azerbaijan and in Khorasan, but, with the coming of Hülegü (Hūlāgū) in 654/1256 and the establishment of the Il-khanid state, the country was once again the seat of a resident sovereign.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS v. Under the Timurid and Turkman dynasties
Monika Gronke
Timurid and Turkman rulers and princes established outside of Samarquand and built them into important political and especially religious and cultural centers.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS vi. In the Safavid period
Roger M. Savory
The organization of the court and its administration.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS vii. In the Qajar period
Abbas Amanat
The court (darbār, darbār-e aʿẓam, dar(b)-e ḵāna) in the Qajar period was essentially organized on the ancient Perso-Turkish model inherited from the Safavid and Zand courts but with modifications in practice and function largely designed to accommodate the Qajars’ nomadic habits.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS viii. In the reign of Reżā Shah Pahlavī
A. Reza Sheikholeslami
When Reżā Shah (r. 1304-20 Š./1925-1941) acceded to the throne he retained a number of lower officials from the royal court of the Qajars, specifically those who had not been vocal in support of republicanism.
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COURTS AND COURTIERS x. Court poetry
J. T. P. de Bruijn
Until modern times there were strong incentives to patronize poets and other writers wherever the seat of power was renowned as a center of culture.
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COURTS OF LAW
Cross-Reference
See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century.
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ČOVĀRĪ
Cross-Reference
See LORESTĀN.
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COW
Cross-Reference
See CATTLE.
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COWELL, EDWARD BYLES
Parvin Loloi
(1826-1903), polymath, scholar, and translator from Indian languages and Persian.
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ČOWGĀN
Cross-Reference
See POLO.
Article Pending.
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COX, PERCY ZACHARIAH
Floreeda Safiri
(1864-1937), Sir, officer of the political service in the British Indian government who held several diplomatic posts in the Persian Gulf region in 1893-1923 and played a leading role in negotiating the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919.
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COYAJEE, JEHANGIR COOVERJI
Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa
(1875-1943), Sir, Parsi economist and student of ancient Iranian mythology.
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CRAFTS
compiled from personal observations and reports by Carole Bier, Mehdī Ebrāhīmīān, Iran Ala Firouz, and Jay Gluck.
Although crafts have always played a predominant role in the artistic history of Persia, in this century new market forces and social currents have interacted with deeply rooted traditions to produce new types of objects, as well as variations on more familiar ones.
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CRANE
Hūšang Aʿlam
(kolang), any of the large migratory wading birds of the family Gruidae. The kolang is mentioned in the Bundahišn as one of 110 species of birds. In classical Persian poetry the crane’s ability to fly high and far; its order, discipline, and characteristic whooping sounds in flight are mentioned.
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CRASSUS
Cross-Reference
See CARRHAE.
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CREATION
Cross-Reference
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CREMATION
Cross-Reference
See BURIAL.
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CRIMEAN TATAR
Dan D.Y. Shapira
(Krim-Tatar, Qırım-Tatar), name for various Turkic peoples who moved to the Crimean peninsula in the past and are now in other areas as well.
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CRIMINAL LAW
Cross-Reference
See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century.