Table of Contents
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FRANCE xv. FRENCH SCHOOLS IN PERSIA
Djavad Hadidi
French schools in Persia had more varied roots than other foreign schools, originating from three distinct sources: Catholic, Jewish, and secular. Catholic schools were established by Lazarist missionaries, Jewish schools by the Alliance Israélite Universelle, and lay schools by Alliance Française.
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FRANCE xvi. LOANWORDS IN PERSIAN
Guitty Deyhime
The gradual entry of a large number of loan words into Persian from European languages and most notably from French began in the 19th century and continued through the 20th century as part of the process of modernization of culture and society in Persia.
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FRANCE xvii. Persian Community in France
Vida Nassehi-Behnam
The emergence of a Persian community in France can perhaps be traced back to 1272/1855-6, when Farrok Khan Ḡaffārī, Amīn-al-Molk, later Amīn-al-Dawla was sent to Paris as the shah’s envoy (īlcī-e kabīr).
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FRANKLIN BOOK PROGRAM
Datus C. Smith, Jr.
(Moʾassasa-ye entešārāt-e Ferānklīn), an American non-profit corporation seeking to aid development of indigenous book publishing in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The program in Persia (1954-1979, the first after Egypt) was the largest of the seventeen around the world.
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FRANRASYAN
Cross-reference
See AFRĀSĪĀB.
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FRĀRĀST
Cross-reference
See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
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FRAŠEGERD
Cross-reference
See FRAŠŌ.KƎRƎTI.
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FRASER JAMES BAILLIE
Denis Wright
(1783-1856), 15th laird of Reelig, traveler, writer, and artist.
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FRAŠŌ.KƎRƎTI
Almut Hintze
an eschatological term referring to the final renovation and transfiguration of Ahura Mazdā’s creation after evil has been utterly defeated and driven away.
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FRAŠOŠTAR
Cross-reference
See JĀMĀSP.
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FRATARAKA
Josef Wiesehöfer
lit. “leader, governor, forerunner”; ancient Persian title.
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FRAVARTISH
Cross-Reference
Median rebel against Darius I. See PHRAORTES.
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FRAVAŠI
Mary Boyce
the Avestan word for a powerful supernatural being whose concept at an early stage in Zoroastrianism became blended with that of the urvan (the human soul).
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FRAWĀG
Cross-reference
See SĪĀMAG.
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FRAWAHR
Cross-reference
See FRAVAŠI.
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FRAWARDĪGĀN
William W. Malandra
name of the ten-day Zoroastrian festival (gāhānbār) at year’s end in honor of the spirits of the dead.
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FRAWARDĪN
Cross-reference
name of the nineteenth day of a month and also the name of the first month of the year in the Zoroastrian calendar. See CALENDARS i.
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FRAWARDĪN YAŠT
Mary Boyce
the thirteenth of the Zoroastrian yašt hymns, devoted to the fravašis.
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FRĀXKARD
Ahmad Tafazzoli
name of the cosmic ocean in Iranian mythology.
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FREE VERSE
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak
in Persian poetry. The term šeʿr-e āzād, Persian for the French vers libre and English free verse, entered Persia in the 1940s and immediately began to be used in a variety of senses and applied to diverse subspecies of the emerging canon of šeʿr-e now (new poetry), especially to highlight those features in which this body of poetry was felt to differ from classical Persian poetry and the contemporary practice modeled after it.