Table of Contents

• ARSANJĀNĪ, ḤASAN

  F. Azimi

  journalist and politician (1922-69).

• ARSEN, KOCOYTỊ

  F. Thordarson

  Ossetic author (1872-1944).

• ARSES

  P. LeCoq

  Greek rendering of an Old Persian name, used as a hypocoristic.

• ARSITES

  A. SH. Shahbazi

  Greek rendering of an Old Persian name.

• ARSLĀN B. ṬOḠREL

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF IRAQ (pending).

• ARSLĀN KHAN MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-Reference

  See ILAK-KHANIDS.

• ARSLĀNŠĀH

  C. E. Bosworth

  Ghaznavid sultan (r. 509-11/1116-18).

• ARSLĀNŠĀH B. KERMĀNŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

• ARSLĀNŠAH B. TOḠRELŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

• ARŠTĀT

  Cross-Reference

  See AŠTĀD.

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN

  E. Porada

  An important element of the art of Iran is the presence of composite beings. One type, here called demon, is a combination of man and animal walking on two legs. An example is the demon with the head of a mountain goat or a moufflon.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  We know that Medes were mentioned in neo Assyrian annals from the year 836 B.C. onwards; as late as in King Esarhaddon’s vassal treaties (672 B.C.) they are represented by petty princes: central kingship had not yet been established, the foundation of which was later ascribed to the legendary judge, Deïokes.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  No work of architecture or art can be attributed with certainty to an Achaemenid earlier than Cyrus the Great. Only a cylinder seal, now lost, but several times used on later bullae at Persepolis, can possibly have belonged to an older member of the family.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN iv. PARTHIAN Art

  S. B. Downey

  monuments generally included in discussions of Parthian art come from the periphery of the Parthian world—Syria, Mesopotamia, the edges of the Iranian plateau.

• ART IN IRAN v. SASANIAN ART

  P. O. Harper

  There are major remains of many different types: monumental rock reliefs, silver vessels, stucco architectural decoration, and seals.

• ART IN IRAN vi. PRE-ISLAMIC EASTERN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA

  G. Azarpay

  Monumental works of art of the pre-Islamic age are there evidenced only from the early medieval period that corresponds with the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties in Iran.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN vii. ISLAMIC PRE-SAFAVID

  P. Soucek

  Of especial importance for the development of art in Islamic Iran was the cultural and artistic legacy of the immediate past.

• ART IN IRAN viii. ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA

  G. A. Pugachenkova

  Under Islam the sculpture and mural painting previously displayed in Central Asia almost completely disappeared, and ornament took pride of place.

• ART IN IRAN ix. SAFAVID To Qajar Periods

  A. Welch

  The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Iranian art. 

• ART IN IRAN x.1 Art and Architecture of the Qajar Period

  J. M. Scarce

  Qajar art is characterized by an exuberant style and flamboyant use of color, which became more emphatic as the 19th century progressed; here Persian art may be compared with developments in 19th-century Europe.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN x.2 Qajar Painting

  B. W. Robinson

  The unsettled political situation following the death of Karīm Khan left little opportunity for schools of painting to flourish and develop. But even before their rise to supreme power the Qajars had captured the services of at least one painter who set a high standard for the first generation of their rule.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN xi. POST-QAJAR

  K. Emāmī

  About the mid-1950s, Iranian modernists started to receive official encouragement via the Department General of Fine Arts (later to become the Ministry of Arts and Culture).

• ART IN IRAN xii. IRANIAN PRE-ISLAMIC ELEMENTS IN ISLAMIC ART

  Maria Vittoria Fontana

  Iranian pre-Islamic elements contributed to the formation and development of Islamic art, and they can be easily recognized in various contexts.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ARTA

  Cross-Reference

  See ARDWAHIŠT and AŠA.

• ARTABANUS (Arsacid kings)

  K. Schippmann

  name borne by several Arsacid kings.

• ARTABANUS (Old Persian proper name)

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Latinized form of an Old Persian proper name.

• ARTABAZANES

  C. J. Brunner

  autonomous ruler of Armenia who submitted to the Seleucid king Antiochus III in 220 B.C., when the latter invaded his country.

• ARTABAZUS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian personal name.

• ARTABĒ

  M. A. Dandamayev

  the Greek form of a Median and Old Persian measure of volume.

• ARTACHAIĒS

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  Greek rendering of an Old Iranian name.

• ARTAḪŠAR

  Cross-Reference

  See ARTOXARES.

• ARTAMANIA

  M. Mayrhofer

  prince of Zi-ri-ba-ša-ni, who wrote a letter of devotion to the pharaoh of Egypt.

• ARTAPHRENĒS

  P. Lecoq

  name given by Herodotus for the son of Hystaspes and brother of Darius I, and of various other Persians in Greek literature.

• ARTAŠŠUMARA

  M. Mayrhofer

  a Mitannian king.

• ARTASYRAS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian name *Ṛta-sūra “powerful through Arta”.

• ARTATĀMA

  M. Mayrhofer

  king of Mitanni.

• ARTAVARDIYA

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Persian personal name, meaning “doer of Justice.”

• ARTAVASDES

  R. Schmitt

  Old Iranian male personal name.

• ARTAXATA

  R. H. Hewsen

  a city of ancient Armenia founded ca. 176 B.C. by King Artaxias I.A

• ARTAXERXES

  R. Schmitt

  throne name of several Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty.

• ARTAXERXES I

  R. Schmitt

  a son of Xerxes I and Amestris.

• ARTAXERXES II

  R. Schmitt

  Achaemenid Great King whose personal name is given as Arsaces.

• ARTAXERXES III

  R. Schmitt

  throne name of Ochus, Achaemenid king (r. 359-58 to 338-37 B.C.).

• ARTAXIAS I

  J. Russell

  reigned 189-160 B.C., founder of the Artaxiad dynasty in Greater Armenia.

• ARTAZOSTRE

  J. Kellens

  a daughter of Darius the Great.

• ARTEMBARĒS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian proper name * Ṛtam-para-, meaning “who encourages the order.”

• ARTEMISIA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  queen of the Achaemenid province of Caria.

• ARTEMITA IN APOLLONIATIS

  M. L. Chaumont

  city of the Parthian period in eastern Iraq.

• ARTĒŠTĀR

  W. Sundermann

  a learned calque on and translation of the Avestan raθaēštā.

• ARTĒŠTĀRĀN SĀLĀR

  W. Sundermann

  “chief of the warriors,” a high-ranking title in Sasanian times. 

• ARTHROPODS

  ʿA. Aḥmadī and R. G. Tuck, Jr.

  or ARTHROPODA, largest and undoubtedly most diverse animal phylum, comprising an estimated seventy-five to eighty percent of all known species in the kingdom; representatives of both major extant subdivisions occur within Iran.

• ARTOXARES

  M. Dandamayev

  a Paphlagonian eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes I and satrap of Armenia.

• ARTSRUNI

  C. Toumanoff

  one of the most important princely families of Armenia, an offshoot of the Orontids, Achaemenian satraps and subsequently kings of Armenia, but claiming descent from Sennacherib of Assyria.

• ARTYPHIOS

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  or ARTYBIOS, Greek rendering of an Old Persian name.

• ARTYSTONE

  R. Schmitt

  Persian female personal name.

• ARUKKU

  M. Dandamayev

  a son of Cyrus I, king of Parsumaš and grandfather of Cyrus the Great.

• ʿARŪSĪ

  A. Betteridge

  the secular wedding celebration which follows the wedding contract ceremony (ʿaqd).

• ʿARŪŻ

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  the metrical system used by the Arab poets since pre-Islamic times.

• ʿARŪŻĪ, YŪSOF

  Z. Safa

  rhetorician and poet of the 4th/10th century.

• ARVAND GUŠNASP

  D. M. Lang

  Sasanian marzbān of Georgia under Ḵosrow I.

• ARVAND-RŪD

  M. Kasheff

  name given to the river Tigris in some passages in the Mid. Pers. books.

• ARYA

  H. W. Bailey

  an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition.

• ARYAMAN

  Cross-Reference

  See AIRYAMAN.

• ĀRYĀMEHR

  Cross-Reference

  See MOḤAMMAD REŻA SHAH PAHLAVI.

• ĀRYĀNĀ

  ʿA. Ḥabībī

  Bulletin of the Historical Society of Afghanistan.  

• ARYANA VAĒJAH

  Cross-Reference

  See ĒRĀN-WĒZ.

• ARYANDES

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  Achaemenid satrap of Egypt.

• ARYANPUR, AMIR-HOSAYN

  MEHRDAD MASHAYEKHI

  noted engagé intellectual, scholar, and educator of the 20th century Iran.

• ARYANS

  R. Schmitt

  self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages. Aryan is thus basically a linguistic concept, denoting the closely related Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages .

• ʿARŻ, DĪVĀN-E

  C. E. Bosworth

  the department of the administration which, in the successor states to the ʿAbbasid caliphate in the Islamic East, looked after military affairs, such as the recruitment and discharge of soldiers, their pay allotments, etc.

• ARZAN

  M. Bazin

  "millet." The main species of millet probably originate from the Far East and seem to have been introduced into Iran from India.

• ARŽANG

  J. P. Asmussen

  an extra-canonical work of Mani.  

• ARZĀNI, MOḤAMMAD AKBAR

  Fabrisio Speziale

  an Indian author of works on medicine.

• ARZENJĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  or ERZENJĀN, a town of northeastern Anatolia.

• ĀRZŪ

  M. Siddiqi

  Major Indo-Muslim poet, lexicographer and litterateur (b. at Gwalior or Agra 1099/1687-88 or 1101/1689-90).

• ARZU (Article 2)

  Cross-Reference

  See Ḵān-e Ārezu, Serāj-al-din ʿAli (ARTICLE 2).

• ARZŪR

  J. P. Asmussen

  Mid. Pers. form of Avestan Arəzūra-, the name of a demon of unclear origin or function in Zoroastrian tradition. 

• Am~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the Am–Ar entries