Table of Contents
-
ARABIC LANGUAGE
Multiple Authors
The profound influence of Arabic in Iran can be traced to its social, religious, and political significance in the wake of the Muslim conquest, when it became the language of the dominant class, the language of religion and government administration, and by extension, the language of science, literature, and Koranic studies.
-
ARABIC LANGUAGE i. Arabic elements in Persian
A. A. Ṣādeqī
The proportion of Arabic words in Persian was about thirty percent in the 4th/10th century and reached some fifty percent in the 6th/12th.
-
ARABIC LANGUAGE ii. Iranian loanwords in Arabic
A.Tafażżolī
Loanwords in Arabic, traditionally called moʿarrab (arabicized) or daḵīl (foreign words), include a considerable number of Iranian elements.
-
ARABIC LANGUAGE iii. Arabic influences in Persian literature
L. P. Elwell-Sutton
any inquiry into the early development of Islamic Persian language and literature is faced with the same problem—the absence of contemporary material.
-
ARABIC LANGUAGE iv. Arabic literature in Iran
V. Danner
comprises the works of the early Arab conquerors and those of the Persians who wrote in Arabic. The latter, by far more numerous, ensured Iran a major role in the development of Arabic letters.
-
ARABIC LANGUAGE v. Arabic Elements in Persian
John R. Perry
The following will survey the topic under the following rubrics: Lexical statistics; Phonology and orthography; Loanword classes; Grammatical elements; Semantics; History and evolution.
-
ʿARABŠĀH, ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN
Z. Safa
a poet and mystic of the 8th/14th century.
-
ʿARABŠĀHĪ
Y. Bregel
a dynasty of Chingisid origin that ruled in Ḵᵛārazm from the beginning of the 10th/16th century.
-
ARACHNIDS
ʿA, Aḥmadī and R. G. Tuck, Jr.
or ARACHNIDA, Pers. ʿankabūtīān, the largest chelicerate class of the invertebrate phylum Arthropoda. Zoogeographically, the Iranian arachnid fauna differs little from that of adjacent regions. General behavior and life history information available from authoritative entomology and invertebrate zoology texts applies to Iranian representatives as well.
-
ARACHOSIA
R. Schmitt
province in the eastern part of the Achaemenid empire around modern Kandahār, which was inhabited by the Iranian Arachosians or Arachoti.
-
ARĀK
X. de Planhol
Arāk was originally the popular name of Solṭānābād, a town in western Iran, but is now the official name as well.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ARAK iii. Basic Population Data, 1956-2011
Mohammad Hossein Nejatian
population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status for 2006 and/or 2011.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ARAKADRI
W. Eilers
name of uncertain meaning given in Darius I’s inscription (DB 1.37) to a mountain in the region of Pišiyāuvādā.
-
AṘAKʿEL OF TABRĪZ
A. K. Sanjian
Armenian historian, born at Tabrīz in the 1590s, died at Etchmiadzin in Armenia in 1670.
-
ARAL SEA
B. Spuler
Daryā(ča)-ye Ḵᵛārazm, inland sea in western Turkestan, bounded since 1924 and 1936 by Karakalpaqistan (part of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan) in the south and Kazakhstan in the north.
-
ARAMAIC
F. Rosenthal, J. C. Greenfield, S. Shaked
The Arameans, the speakers of all those dialects, are first directly mentioned in cuneiform texts from the end of the twelfth century B. C. where they are said to belong to the Akhlame group of people. In the course of time, various names such as Chaldean, Nabatean, Syrian, and Assyrian, came into use for Aramaic-speaking peoples.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ARAMAZD
cross-reference
Armenian form of AHURA MAZDĀ.
-
ARĀN (1)
cross-reference
or ALĀN, Inscr. Mid. Pers. ʾlʾn-, Inscr. Parth. ʾrdʾn, ʾln-. See ALANS, ALBANIA, ARRĀN.
-
ARĀN (2)
cross-reference
See ḤOLVĀN.
-
ĀRĀN (3)
ʿA. N. Rażawī
a small town about 10 km north of Kāšān.