Table of Contents
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FARHANG
Nassereddin Parvin
the title of five newspapers and magazines printed in Persia and Europe.
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FARHANG Ī OĪM
Cross-Reference
See FRAHANG Ī OĪM.
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FARHANG Ī PAHLAVIG
Cross-reference
See FRAHANG Ī PAHLAWĪG.
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FARHANG O ZENDAGĪ
Nasserddin Parvin
a periodical published in 28 issues from winter 1969 to spring 1978 by the Secretariat of the High Council of Culture and Art (Dabīr-ḵāna-ye Šūrā-ye ʿalī-e farhang o honar).
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FARHANG, MĪRZĀ ABU’L-QĀSEM ŠĪRĀZĪ
Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī
(b. Shiraz, 1827; d. Shiraz, 1891), poet, scholar, and calligrapher.
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FARHANG-E ĀNANDRĀJ
Solomon Baevskiĭ
a dictionary of the Persian language named in honor of the maharaja Ānand Gajapatī Rāj, the nineteenth century ruler of Vijayanagar in South India.
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FARHANG-E ASADĪ
Cross-reference
an alternative title for the dictionary Loḡat-e fors. See undeer the author, ASĀDĪ TŪSĪ.
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FARHANG-E EBRĀHĪMĪ
Solomon Bayevsky
Persian-language dictionary compiled by the well-known fifteenth century poet Ebrāhīm Qewām-al-Dīn Fārūqī.
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FARHANG-E HAYĪM
Cross-Reference
See HAYĪM, SOLAYMĀN.
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FARHANG-E ĪRĀN-ZAMĪN
Nasserddin Parvin
a research quarterly first published in Tehran in March 1953.
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FARHANG-E JAHĀNGĪRĪ
Solomon Bayevsky
It took Ḥosayn Enjū twelve years to complete his dictionary (1005-17/1595-1608), which he named in honor of Jahāngīr. He produced a second edition in 1032/1622. The dictionary lists 9,830 words: 8,960 Persian; 630 Arabic; 140 Indian; and about a hundred entries of Turkic and Greek origin as well as words from various dialects.
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FARHANG-E MOʿĪN
Kamran Talattof and EIr
an important Persian encyclopaedic dictionary published in six volumes in Tehran between 1963 and 1973.
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FARHANG-E NĀFĪSĪ
Cross-Reference
See NĀẒEM-AL-AṬEBBĀʾ.
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FARHANG-E NEẒĀM
Cross-reference
See DĀʿĪ-AL-ESLĀM.
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FARHANG-E QAWWĀS
Solomon Bayevsky
a Persian dictionary compiled probably no later than 1315 by the founder of Persian lexicography in India, the poet and writer Faḵr-al-Dīn Mobārakšāh Qawwās Ḡaznavī, or Faḵr-e Qawwās, known also as Kamāngar.
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FARHANG-E RAŠĪDĪ
Solomon Bayevsky
Persian dictionary compiled in India in 1654 by the poet and scholar ʿAbd-al- Rašīd b. ʿAbd-al-Ḡafūr Ḥosaynī Tattavī.
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FARHANG-E SORŪRĪ
Solomon Bayevsky
a dictionary of the Persian language, also known as Majmaʿ al-fors and Loḡat-e Sorūrī, compiled by the Persian poet Moḥammad-Qāsem Sorūrī.
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FARHANG-E TĀRĪḴĪ-E ZABĀN-E FĀRSĪ
Aḥmad Tafażżolī
a comprehensive historical dictionary of the Persian language, of which only one volume has been published so far.
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FARHANG-E WAFĀʾI
Solomon Bayevsky
or Resāla-ye Wafāʾi; a Persian lexicon of some 2,425 mainly literary terms, compiled by Ḥosayn Wafāʾi in 1527 and dedicated to the Safavid Shah Ṭahmāsb I.
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FARHANG-E ZABĀN-E TĀJĪKĪ
Habib Borjian
(Farhangi zaboni tojikī, Tajik Language Dictionary), a descriptive dictionary of classical Persian in two volumes (1,900 pages).
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FARHANG-E ZAFĀNGŪYĀ WA JAHĀNPŪYĀ
Cross-reference
See BADR-AL-DĪN EBRĀHĪM.
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FARHANGESTĀN
M. A. Jazayeri
a term for “academy” which gained currency in the 20th century to denote an association of scholars.
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FARHANGI ZABONI TOJIKĪ
Cross-reference
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FARĪBORZ
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
son of Key Kāvūs.
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FARĪBORZ
Cross-Reference
b. Salār. See ŠARVĀNŠĀH.
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FARĪD
EIr
b. Shaikh Maʿrūf BHAKKARĪ, 16-17th century author of an important biographical dictionary in Persian of Mughal notables, the Ḏaḵīrat al-ḵawanīn.
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FARĪD ESFARĀYENĪ, Malek-al-Šoʿarāʾ Ḵᵛāja FARĪD-AL-DĪN AḤWAL
Ḏabīḥ-Allāh Ṣafā
or Eṣfahānī (d. after 1264), 13th-century Persian poet.
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FARĪD KĀTEB
Sheila S. Blair
scribe active in Shiraz in the 16th century.
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FARĪD-AL-DĪN GANJ-E ŠAKAR
Cross-Reference
See GANJ-E ŠAKAR.
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FARĪD-AL-DĪN, ABŪ’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ ŠARVĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
See FAHHĀD.
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FARĪDAN
Mīnū Yūsofnežād
a county (šahrestān) located at the foot of the Zagros mountains in the western part of Isfahan province, bordered on the north by Ḵᵛānsār, on the northwest by Alīgūdarz (in Lorestān province), on the west by the county of Farīdūn-æahr, on the east by Najafābād, and on the south by Šahr-e Kord and Fārsān.
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FARĪDŪN
Cross-Reference
See FERĒDŪN.
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FARIGHUNIDS
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E FARĪḠŪN.
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FARĪḠŪNIDS
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E FARĪḠŪN.
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FARĪZANDĪ
Cross-reference
See CENTRAL DIALECTS; see also NAṬANZĪ.
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FARḴĀR
Erwin F. Grötzbach
river, valley, and administrative district (woloswālī), in Taḵār province, northeastern Afghanistan.
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FARMĀN
Bert G. Fragner
“decree, command, order, judgement.” The term often denotes a royal or governmental decree, that is a public and legislative document promulgated in the name of the ruler or another person holding elements of sovereignty.
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FARMĀNFARMĀ
Ahmad Ashraf
lit. “giver of an order,” i.e., ruler, commander; an epithet with three usages in the Safavid and Qajar periods.
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FARMĀNFARMĀ, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN MĪRZĀ
Cyrus Mir and EIr
(1858-1939), Qajar prince-governor, military commander, skillful politician, head of various ministries, and prime minister. He managed to sail successfully the stormy sea of Persian politics for several decades while the entire social and political landscape was undergoing dramatic change.
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FARMĀNFARMĀ, FEREYDŪN MĪRZĀ
ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN NAVĀʾĪ
(d. Mašhad, 1854), fifth son of the Qajar prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā and elder brother of Solṭān Morād Mīrzā Ḥosām-al-Salṭana.
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FARMĀNFARMĀ, FĪRŪZ MĪRZĀ NOṢRAT-AL-DAWLA
Shireen Mahdavi
(1817-1886), sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. His political and military career flourished in the reigns of his brother Moḥammad Shah (834-48) and his nephew Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96).
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FARMĀNFARMĀ, ḤOSAYN-ʿALĪ MĪRZĀ
Gavin R. G. Hambly
(1789-1835), the fifth son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah, long-time governor of Fārs, and briefly the self-styled king of Persia.
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FARMĀNFARMĀ, MAḤMŪD KHAN NĀṢER-AL-MOLK
ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN NAVĀʿĪ
(b. ca. 1828-29; d. Tehran, 1887), high-ranking official in the reign of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96).
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FARMING
Mohammad-Said Nouri Naini
in Persia. In the mid-1990s Persian agriculture accounted for over 25 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 25 percent of employment, and 33 percent of non-oil exports. It also met 75 percent of domestic food requirements and 90 percent of the needs of agricultural industries in the country.
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FARNAH
Cross-reference
See FARR(AH).
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FARNŪDSĀR
Cross-Reference
See NAẒEM-AL-AṬEBBĀʾ.
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FARŌḴŠI
Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal
the name of a Zoroastrian ceremony for departed souls, also called Farošīn, in Irani Zoroastrian dialect Parošīn.
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FARR(AH)
Gherardo Gnoli
Avestan Xᵛarənah, lit. “glory,” according to the most likely etymology and the semantic function reconstructed from its occurrence in various contexts and phases of the Iranian languages.
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FARR(AH) ii. ICONOGRAPHY OF FARR(AH)/XᵛARƎNAH
Abolala Soudavar
The core myth that reveals the characteristics of farr is the myth of Jamšid in the Avesta. Empowered by his farr, Jamšid rules the world, but loses it when he strays from the righteous path.
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FARRANT, FRANCIS
Denis Wright
(1803?-1868), Colonel, British soldier and diplomat.
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FARRĀŠ
Cross-Reference
See CITIES iii.
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FARROḴ KHAN KĀŠĪ, AMĪN-AL-MOLK
Cross-Reference
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FARROḴ, Sayyed MAḤMŪD
Jalal Matini
(b. Mašhad, 1896; d. Mašhad, 1981), litterateur, poet, Majles deputy, and executive.
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FARROḴĀN-E BOZORG
Cross-Reference
See DĀBŪYĪDS.
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FARROḴĀN-E KŪČAK
Cross-Reference
See DĀBŪYĪDS.
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FARROḴI
Habib Borjian
a township on the southern edge of the Great Desert, in Ḵur-Biābānak Sub-province, Isfahan Province.
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FARROḴĪ SĪSTĀNĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ
J. T. P. de Bruijn
b. Jūlūḡ, eleventh century Persian court poet.
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FARROḴĪ YAZDĪ
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak
(1889-1939), journalist and poet and an early advocate of socialist revolution in Persia.
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FARROḴZĀD
Cross-Reference
son of Ḵosrow II, ruled briefly in 630/631. See SASANIAN DYNASTY.
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FARROḴZĀD, ABŪ ŠOJĀʿ
C. Edmund Bosworth
b. Masʿūd b. Maḥmūd, Ghaznavid sultan of Afghanistan and northern India (r. 1052-59).
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FARROḴZĀD, FORŪḠ-ZAMĀN
Farzaneh Milani
(b. Tehran, 1935; d. Tehran, 1967), usually known as Forūḡ, Persian poet.
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FARROXMARD
Cross-Reference
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FĀRS
Multiple Authors
province in southern Persia.
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FĀRS i. Geography
Xavier de Planhol
comprised of the highland basins. East of the meridian of Bušehr and Isfahan, the Zagros mountain chains, which gradually decrease in altitude toward the southeast but still mostly remain above 2,000 and sometimes 3,000 m.
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FĀRS ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period
Josef Wiesehöfer
The history of early pre-Islamic Fārs is most closely interwoven with that of its eastern and western neighbors. Agrarian settlements had been established (by immigrants?) in the Muški phase in the Kor basin, a widely and well researched area, before 5,500 B.C.E.
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FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period
A. K. S. Lambton
Although the Arabs did not take over the Sasanian system of quadrants, they kept the division of Fārs into five kūras, a division which continued until the 6th/12th century. Shiraz, a continuously inhabited site which may go back to Sasanian or even earlier times, became and has remained the provincial capital.
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FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods
Ahmad Ashraf
The Qajar period (1794-1921) was marked in Fārs by rule of dozens of prince-governors; Britain’s influence; division of the Qašqāʾī and Ḵamsa tribal confederacies; continued local autonomy of tribal khans and influential landowners; and the increasing political role of the ʿolamāʾ.
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FĀRS v. Monuments
Dietrich Huff
The founder of the Sasanian empire, Ardašīr I (224-40), shifted the seat of power to the newly founded Ardašīr Ḵorra (Fīrūzābād), a circular city with palaces that are still preserved. His successor, Šāpūr I, built Bīšāpūr as his capital. Nevertheless, Eṣṭaḵr remained the most important city of Fārs until Shiraz surpassed it after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century.
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FĀRS vi. Population
Habib Zanjani
The province of Fārs is the largest and the most populous province in the south of Persia. In the national census of 1996, it was composed of 16 counties (šahrestāns), comprising a total of 60 districts (baḵš), 48 towns (šahr), and 185 village clusters (dehestān).
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FĀRS vii. Ethnography
Pierre Oberling
The largest part of the population of Fārs is of Iranian stock, but since the rise of Islam in the 7th century there has been substantial immigration of peoples of other ethnic origins into the province.
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FĀRS viii. Dialects
Gernot Windfuhr
Local variants of Persian are found in most cities and towns and their vicinities, and, rurally, mainly in the northeastern parts of the region, all of which tend to reflect a good deal of the vocabulary and idiomatic features of the earlier non-Persian dialects.
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FĀRS ix. PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE
Abbas Alizadeh
Six archeological sites—Tall-e Muški, Tall-e Jari A and B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bākun A and B—in the Persepolis plain of the Marvdašt area are the primary sources for the study of the prehistoric cultural development in Fārs.
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FĀRS NEWSPAPER
Nassereddin Parvin
name of two newspapers published in Shiraz.
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FĀRS-NĀMA-YE EBN-E BALḴĪ
Cross-Reference
See EBN AL-BALḴĪ.
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FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ
Heribert Busse; Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi
a history and geography of the province of Fārs, with maps and illustrations, by Mīrzā Ḥasan Fasāʾī (1821-1898). Part two includes topics such as the climate of Fārs, its flora and fauna, agricultural products, the position of Fārs according to longitude and latitude, the problem of cartographic projection.
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FARSANG
Cross-Reference
See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
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FARŠĒDVARD
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
a Kayanian prince in the Iranian legendary history, son of Goštāsp and brother of Esfandīār.
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FĀRSĪ, ABŪ NAṢR ḤEBBAT-ALLĀH
Cross-reference
Official, soldier and poet of the Ghaznavid empire, flourished in the second half of the 5th/11th century during the reigns of the sultans Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd I and Masʿūd III b. Ebrāhīm. See ABŪ NAṢR FĀRSĪ.
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FĀRSI, KAMĀL-AL-DIN
Cross-Reference
(d. 1320), the most significant figure in optics after Ebn al-Hayṯam. See FĀRESĪ, KAMĀL-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN MOḤAMMAD.
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FĀRSĪMADĀN
Pierre Oberling
one of the most important tribes of the Qašqāʾī tribal confederacy.
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FĀRŪQĪ DYNASTY
Carl W. Ernst
of Khandesh, lit. "land of the khans" in present-day Madhya Pradesh (1370-1601). The prosperity of Khandesh depended upon trade and the production of fine textiles. Patronage of Češtī Sufism also was an important element of Fārūqī state policy.
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FĀRŪQĪ EBRĀHĪM
Cross-Reference
See FARHANG-E EBRĀHĪMĪ.
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FĀRŪQĪ, MOLLĀ MAḤMŪD
Cross-reference
See Supplement.
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FARVI DIALECT
Habib Borjian
Farvi or Farvigi is the native dialect of Farroḵi, a township in the sub-province of Ḵur o Biābānak on the edge of the Great Persian Desert.
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FĀRYĀB
Daniel Balland
by the 10th century, one of the towns of the Farighunid princes of Gūzgān, vassals of the Samanids. The medieval name was revived when the high governorate (ḥokūmat-e ʿalā) of Maymana was elevated to the rank of province (welāyat). Its cities, besides Maymana, are Andḵūy and Dawlatābād.
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FĀRYĀBĪ, ẒAHĪR-AL-DĪN ABU’L-FAŻL ṬĀHER
J.T.P. de Bruijn
b. Moḥammad, twelfth century Persian poet who used Ẓahīr as his pen name.
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FARYĀD
Nassereddin Parvin
the title of seven publications in Persian.
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FARYŪMAD
Chahryar Adle
(modern FARŪMAD), MONUMENTS OF.
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FARYŪMADĪ, YAMĪN-AL-DĪN
Cross-Reference
See EBN YAMĪN.
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FARZĀD, MASʿŪD
Ahmad Karimi Hakkak
Throughout this period, Farzād wrote poetry, mostly within the classical tradition. In 1942 he published a selection of his poems in a volume entitled Waqtī ke šāʿer būdam (When I was a poet). He had also begun work on a new edition of Ḥāfeẓ’s Dīvān, a task which became a life-long labor.
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FARZĀN, Sayyed Moḥammad
EIr
(b. near Birjand, 1894; d. Bābolsar, 1970), an eminent scholar of classical literature.
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FASĀ
Multiple Authors
a sub-province and a city in Fārs.
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FASĀ i. Geography and History
MĪNŪ YŪSOFNEŽĀD and JUDITH LERNER
The sub-province (šahrestān) of Fasā, with an area of ca. 3,820 km2, is bounded to the north by the šahrestāns of Eṣṭahbān/Estahbān and Shiraz, to the east by Eṣṭahbān and Dārāb, to the south by Dārāb and Jahrom, and to the west by Jahrom and Shiraz.
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FASĀ ii. Tall-e Żaḥḥāk
JOHN F. HANSMAN
a tell or artificial mound, lying within a still broader archeological zone, built up by successive layers of human occupation from prehistoric to medieval times; it is located 130 km south of Shiraz and 3 km southeast of Fasā.
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FASĀʾĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ḤASAN ḤOSAYNĪ
Cross-Reference
See FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ.
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FAṢD
Cross-Reference
See BLOODLETTING.
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FASIH, Esma’il
Ali Ferdowsi
Fasih left Iran in 1956, and eventually ended up in Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana. Beginning with his junior year at the college, he transferred to the University of Montana in Missoula where he earned a BS in Chemistry and a BA in English.
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FAṢĪḤĪ HERAVĪ, MĪRZĀ FAṢĪḤ-AL-DĪN
ḎABĪḤ-ĀLLĀH ṢAFĀ
b. Abu’l-Makārem b. Mawlānā Mīrjān Anṣārī (1579-1639), poet of the 11th/17th century.
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FASMER, RICHARD RICHARDOVICH
Anatol Ivanov
or VASMER (1858-1938), eminent Russian numismatist.
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FASTING
Denise Soufi
in Persia. Both individually and communally, fasting is typically a religious exercise—employed by devotees as means of supplication to the will of God, preparation for rites of devotion, worship of divinity, purification of the body so that spiritual issues can be better comprehended, penitence for transgressions against religious codes, and mourning for deceased persons. OVERVIEW of entry: i. Among Zoroastrians, Manicheans, and Bahais. ii. In Sunni and Shiʿite Islam.