Table of Contents
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GARAMAIOI
Cross-Reference
See BĒT GARMĒ.
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ḠARB-ZADEGĪ
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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ḠARČESTĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
name of a region in early Islamic times, situated to the north of the upper Harīrūd and the Paropamisus range and on the head waters of the Moṟḡāb.
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GARCIN DE TASSY
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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GARDANE MISSION
Jean Calmard
(1807-9), a diplomatic and military project between France and Persia which represented Napoleon’s last attempt to realize his Oriental ambitions. From late 1795, Persia became part of French projects against British India. From the renewal of Franco-Ottoman relations (June 1802), he sought information on Persia.
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GARDEN
Multiple Authors
referring to a garden estate, intended primarily for pleasure rather than permanent residence or production of crops, formally laid out, usually incorporating architectural elements, such as ornamental pools, gate-houses, and pavilions.
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GARDEN i. ACHAEMENID PERIOD
Mehrdad Fakour
Since the first millenium B.C.E., the garden has been an integral part of Persian architecture, be it imperial or vernacular.
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GARDEN ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD
Lisa Golombek
Donald Wilber’s study of the Persian garden remains the most comprehensive, to which should be added the articles by Ettinghausen and Pinder-Wilson in the proceedings of the Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the Islamic Garden.
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GARDEN iii. INFLUENCE OF PERSIAN GARDENS IN INDIA
Howard Crane
Traces of Sultanate period gardens in the Persian style survive around Delhi in the citadel (Kōṭlā) of the Tughluqid Fīrūzšāh III (1351-88) and at Vasant Vihar (14th century).
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GARDEN iv. BOTANICAL GARDENS
Borhan Riazi
In Persia there are only three botanical gardens (bāḡ-e gīāh-šenāsī) in the exact scientific sense of this term.
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GARDEN v. In Persian Literature
Cross-Reference
See BĀḠ iii.
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GARDEN vi. IN PERSIAN ART
Lisa Golombek
For the decorative arts, the “garden carpet” is the quintessential re-creation of the garden, while paintings depict the garden as a setting for events. Vegetal motifs as ornament may be understood as generic allusions to the garden. In special circumstances, these allusions may be viewed as allusions to paradise themes.
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GARDĪZ
Daniel Balland
(Gardēz), a city in the Solaymān Mountains of eastern Afghanistan, 122 km south of Kabul. The city is situated at 2,300 m above sea-level, in a large intramountainous depression watered by the upper course of the Rūd-e Gardīz.
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GARDĪZĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿABD-al-ḤAYY
C. Edmund Bosworth
b. Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd, Persian historian of the early 5th/11th century. He was clearly connected with the Ghaznavid court and administration and close to the sultans.
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GARDŌY
Cross-Reference
sister of Bahrām Čōbīn. See Bahrām VI Čōbīn.
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GARGAR RIVER
Cross-Reference
See KĀRŪN RIVER.
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GARLIC
Etrat Elahi
or allium sativum; a species in the onion family Alliaceae used as an ingredient in a variety of Persian dishes mainly as a condiment.
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GARMAPADA
Rüdiger Schmitt
name of the fourth month (June-July) of the Old Persian calendar.
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GARMSĀR
Bernard Hourcade
a region (Qešlāq and Garmsār) in the province of Semnān situated beyond the Caspian Gates, known particularly as a stopover on the great road to Khorasan.
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GARMSĪR AND SARDSĪR
Xavier de Planhol
lit. "warm zones and cold zones"; two terms identifying regional entities that form a major geographical contrast deeply affecting the popular conscience in Persia.