Table of Contents
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ḠOSL
Cross-Reference
See CLEANSING.
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GOŠNASP ASPĀD
Cross-Reference
Sasanian military commander. See ḴOSROW II.
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GŌSPAND
Cross-Reference
See CATTLE.
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GOSPEL
Cross-Reference
See BIBLE.
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GOSTAHAM
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
name of two heroes in the Šāh-nāma.
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GOŠTĀSP
A. Shapur Shabazi
Kayanian king of Iranian traditional history and patron of Zoroaster.
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GŌŠURUN
William W. Malandra
the Pahlavi name for the soul of the Sole-created Bull.
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GOTARZES
Cross-Reference
See GŌDARZ.
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GOTTHEIL, RICHARD JAMES HORATIO
Dagmar Riedel
Gottheil’s tenure at the New York Public Library (NYPL) is of relevance to the field of Iranian studies because he oversaw the development of its Near Eastern and Asian collections, first as Chief of Semitica and Orientalia (1897-1901), and afterwards as Chief of the Oriental Division.
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GÖTTINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF, HISTORY OF IRANIAN STUDIES
Ludwig Paul
History of Iranian Studies at the University of Göttingen.
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GOUVEA, ANTONIO DE
Rudi Matthee
(b. Beja, Portugal, 1575; d. Manzanares, Spain, 1628), Augustinian missionary and Portuguese envoy who visited Persia three times between 1602 and 1613 and who wrote on Persia.
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GOVĀḴARZ
Cross-Reference
a district in the medieval province of Qohestān in Khorasan. See BĀKARZ.
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GOWD-E ZEREH
Cross-Reference
See HĀMUN;
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GOWDIN TEPE
Cross-Reference
an archeological site in western Persia. See GODIN TEPE.
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GOWHAR
Nasereddin Parvin
a cultural journal published monthly from January 1973 to December 1978 (issue no. 72) of the philanthropic organization of Mortażā Nuriāni.
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GOWHAR ḴĀTUN
C. Edmund Bosworth
a Saljuq princess who became the second wife of the Ghaznavid Sultan Masʿud III (r. 1099-1115).
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GOWHAR-ĀʾĪN, Saʿd-al-dawla
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. 1100), Turkish eunuch slave commander of the Great Saljuqs.
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GOWHAR-E MORĀD (1)
Cross-Reference
philosopher and poet. See ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ LĀHĪJĪ
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GOWHAR-E MORĀD (2)
Cross-Reference
pen name of the 20th-century author Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Sāʿedi. See SA'EDI, GHOLAM-HOSAYN.
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GOWHAR-ŠĀD ĀḠĀ
Beatrice Forbes Manz
wife of Sultan Šāhroḵ b. Timur (r. 1409-47) and daughter of Ḡiāṯ-al-Din Tarḵān, a ranking amir under Timur.
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GOWHAR-ŠĀD MOSQUE
Lisa Golombek
constructed in the early 15th century, the Friday mosque for pilgrims to the tomb of Imam ʿAli al-Reżā in Mašhad, so named after this famous shrine.
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GOWHARIN, SAYYED SĀDEQ
Peter Avery
Gowharin came from an old and distinguished family which traced its lineage back to the eponymous founder of the Nurbaḵšiyya, Sayyed Moḥammad Nurbaḵš (1392-1464). Himself a Sufi of the Ḵāksār order, his interest in mysticism went far beyond that of an academic.
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GOWJA FARANGI
Cross-Reference
See TOMATO.
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GOWRAK
Pierre Oberling
a Kurdish tribe in northwestern Persia.
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GOWZ
Cross-Reference
See WALNUT.
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GŌZEHR
Cross-Reference
Bazarangid ruler in Fārs. See ARDAŠĪR I.
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GŌZIHR
D. N. Mackenzie
the Middle Persian development of an old Iranian compound adjective *gau-čiθra-, recorded in the Younger Avesta in the form gaočiθra-, as an epithet of the moon, “bearing the seed, having the origin of cattle” (or, “the ox”).
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ḠOZZ
Peter B. Golden, C. Edmund Bosworth
a significant Turkic tribe in western Eurasia in the 5th century.
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GRAND LODGE OF IRAN
Cross-Reference
See FREEMASONRY, iii-iv.
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GRANICUS
Ernst Badian
river (mod. Kocabaş Çay) flowing into the Sea of Marmara.
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GRANT DUFF, Sir EVELYN MOUNTSTUART
Denis Wright
(b. 1863; d. Bath, 1926), British diplomat serving successively in Rome, Tehran, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Berlin, then London.
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GRANT, Captain NATHANIEL PHILIP
Denis Wright
(b. New York, 1774; k. Ḵorramābād, 1810), a military officer of the East India Company.
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GRANTOVSKIĬ, EDVIN ARVIDOVICH
Mohammad Dandamayev
Grantovskiĭ specialized in the history of ancient Iranian tribes (especially the Medes, Persians and Scythians) and their civilizations. His research was based on Akkadian and Urartian inscriptions, Iranian texts, and classical sources and on evidence of archaeology, ethnography, and folklore.
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GRAPES
Cross-Reference
See ANGŪR.
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GRAPHIC ARTS
Mortażā Momayyez, Peter Chelkowski
Broadly speaking, graphic art and design have a long history in Persia; their antecedents can be seen in graphic motifs and patterns on ancient clay and metal vessels, stone reliefs, seals, brickwork, glazed tiles, plaster and wood carvings, cloths, carpets, marquetry, miniature paintings, calligraphy, and illumination of manuscripts.
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GRAY, BASIL
John Michael Rogers
Gray's initiation into eastern art, for which there was then no provision at any British university, came in 1928, when he worked for a season on the excavations at the great palace of the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople, followed by study in Vienna under Josef Strzygowski, who was, however, already sunk deep in diffusionism.
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GRAY, LOUIS HERBERT
William W. Malandra
In 1921 Gray was appointed associate professor of philology at the University of Nebraska, where he remained until his appointment at Columbia University as professor of Oriental Languages in 1926. In 1935, he became Professor of Comparative Linguistics, a position he held until his retirement in 1944.
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GREAT BRITAIN
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Introduction, ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present, iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century, iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21, v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41, vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79, vii. British Travelers to Persia, viii. British Archeological Excavations, ix. Iranian Studies in Britian, Pre-Islamic, x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period, xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain, xii. The Persian Community in Britain, xiii. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies, xv. British Schools in Persia.
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GREAT BRITAIN i. INTRODUCTION
EIr
During the 16th century, several unsuccessful attempts were made by the Muscovy (or Russia) Company of London to develop trade between London and Persia via Russia.
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GREAT BRITAIN ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present
Denis Wright
Prior to the Safavid period, contacts between Britain and Persia were confined to the 13th century, and were infrequent and of short duration.
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GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century
Abbas Amanat
British imperial interests in Persia in the Qajar period were primarily determined by the concern for the security of colonial India and, secondarily, by trade, telegraphic communication, and financial or other conces-sionary agreements.
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GREAT BRITAIN iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21
Mansour Bonakdarian
In the late 1890s, the Foreign Office in London came to regard Germany as the main threat to the European balance of power and British imperial hegemony around the globe.
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Great Britain v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41
Stephanie Cronin
During the reign of Reżā Shah (1925-1941) a profound transformation took place in both the character and the scope of British influence in Persia.
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Great Britain vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79
Fakhreddin Azimi
For the greater part of the Qajar era (1796-1924) Persia was the scene of intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires.
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Great Britain vii. British Travelers to Persia
Denis Wright
The British, more than any others, have been prolific authors of travelogues, and memoirs about Persia.
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Great Britain viii. British Archeological Excavations
St. J. Simpson
excavations began in Persia before the so-called “French monopoly” on archeological excavations.
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Great Britain ix. Iranian Studies in Britain, Pre-Islamic
A. D. H. Bivar
Several fields of pre-Islamic Iranian Studies have seen great expansion during recent centuries, and to these, scholars and travelers from Great Britain have made substantial contributions.
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Great Britain x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period
Charles Melville
British interest in, and scholarship on, Persia and Persian culture in the Islamic period goes back to the first formal contacts between the two countries, that is, at least to the 16th century and the growth of Britain’s involvement in the Levant and East Indian trades.
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Great Britain xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain
J. Michael Rogers
The collecting of Persian art in Great Britain goes back at least to the missions despatched by the Safavid Shah ʿAbbās I (1588-1629) and the activities of the Sherley brothers at his court in Isfahan. The early 17th century also saw the growth of trade with Persia through the East India Company.
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Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (1)
Kathryn Spellman
This entry will be treated in two separate articles: (1) Persian Community and (2) The Library for Iranian Studies.