Table of Contents
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CARD GAMES
Mahdi Roschanzamir
(ganjafa-bāzī, waraq-bāzī), card games were invented in China in the 7th-8th centuries and via India were brought to Persia, whence they reached the Arab world and Europe.
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CARDAMOM
Hūšang Aʿlam
hel in modern Persian (from Skt. elā), the aromatic seeds of several plants of the family Zingiberaceae.
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CARDINAL POINTS
Cross-Reference
See BĀḴTAR.
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CARDUCHI
Muhammad Dandamayev
warlike tribes that in antiquity occupied the hilly country along the upper Tigris near the Assyrian and Median borders, in present-day western Kurdistan.
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ČARḠ
Cross-Reference
See BĀZ.
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CARIA
Michael Weiskopf
in the area of southwestern Turkey, under Achaemenid rule first as a part of the satrapy of Sparda (Lydia; 540s-390s B.C.), then as a separate satrapy (390s-30s B.C.) under the Hecatomnid family, whose prominence and self-promotion created a number of mostly Greek epigraphic documents detailing the development of 4th-century Caria.
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ČĀRĪKĀR
Daniel Balland
main town of Kōhdāman and the administrative capital of the Afghan province of Parwān, located about 63 km north of Kabul. Throughout history there has been an important urban center at the northern end of the long Kōhdāman depression.
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ČĀRJŪY
Cross-reference
See ĀMOL.
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ČARḴ
Daniel Balland
a common toponym all over the Iranian world.
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ČARḴ-E ČĀH
Nāṣer Ḡolām-Reżāʾī
(lit. “well wheel”), a device for drawing water from a well or river or for removing soil during the excavation of a well. It is a type of windlass, consisting of a hollow horizontal cylinder around which a rope is coiled or uncoiled to raise or lower a bucket attached to the end. Formerly they were common.
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ČARKAS
Beatrice Manz, Masashi Haneda
(Cherkes), term used in Persian, Arabic, and Turkic for the Circassian people of the northwest Caucasus who call themselves Adygeĭ and speak a language of the Abazgo-Circassian branch of Caucasian (see caucasian languages).
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ČARḴĪ, Mawlānā Yaʿqūb
Hamid Algar
an early shaikh of the Naqšbandī order and author of several works in Persian (d. 851/1447).
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ČARM
Willem M. Floor
(Av. čarəman-, OPers. čarman-, Khot. tcārman-, etc.), skin, hide, and leather, which have had a variety of uses in Persia.
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CARMANIA
Rüdiger Schmitt
ancient region east of Fārs province, approximately equivalent to modern Kermān. The Old Persian form is attested only once in inscriptions.
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CARMATIANS
Farhad Daftary
(Ar. Qarāmeṭa; sing. Qarmaṭī), the name given to the adherents of a branch of the Ismaʿili movement during the 3rd/9th century.
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CARMELITES IN PERSIA
Francis Richard
In 1604 Pope Clement VIII dispatched a mission of Discalced Carmelite fathers to Persia; the embassy represented the culmination of a policy of seeking alliances against the Ottoman empire that had been initiated by Pius V.
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ČĀROḠ
Cross-Reference
or čāroq, etc. See CLOTHING xx, xxv, xxviii.
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CARPETS
Multiple Authors
(qālī; Ar. and Pers. farš), heavy textiles used as coverings for floors, walls, and other large surfaces, as well as for various kinds of furnishing.
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CARPETS i. Introductory survey
Roger Savory
the history of Persian carpet manufacture.
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CARPETS ii. Raw materials and dyes
Jasleen Dhamija
for centuries Persian carpet weaving has depended primarily on local materials processed by traditional traditional techniques. Such materials include sheep wool, camel hair, goat hair, and natural dyes. This article discusses use and preparation of dyes and materials used to make carpets.