Search Results for “greater%20iran”

• APŌŠ

  C. J. Brunner

  Middle Persian for Av. Apaoša, the demon of drought.  

• ĀSTARKĪ

  J. Qāʾem-Maqāmī

  (or AŠTARKĪ), one sub-tribe of the six which presently constitute the Dūrkī tribe of the Haft Lang confederation of the Baḵtīārī people.

• ABŪ ZAYD B. MOḤAMMAD KĀŠĀNĪ

  O. Watson

  perhaps the single most important luster potter of Kāšān known to us. More signed and dated works (from 587/1191 to 616/1219) are known by him than by any other potter, and his signature occurs on a greater variety of wares, including both tiles and vessels.

• LAVĀSĀN

  Giti Deyhim and EIr.

  a town and district northwest of Tehran.

• ARTAXIAS I

  J. Russell

  reigned 189-160 B.C., founder of the Artaxiad dynasty in Greater Armenia.

• BĀRHANG

  Hakim M. Said

  (also bārtang), plantain, general name for about 27 species of Plantago L. (family Plantaginaceae) in Iran, particularly the greater plantain,  the lesser plantain, and fleawort.

• ĀDURBĀD ĒMĒDĀN

  A. Tafażżolī

  second author of the 9th century CE Zoroastrian compilation, Dēnkard.  

• ČAḠĀNRŪD

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Čaḡānīrūd in Farroḵī, the seventh and last right-bank tributary of the Oxus or Amu Darya.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (8) Semitic Languages

  Gernot Windfuhr

   First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their impact differs.

• BARĀ’A

  E. Kohlberg

  an Imami theological term denoting dissociation from the enemies of the imams. During the conflict between ʿAlī and Moʿāwīa, formulas of dissociation were used by both parties.

• ʿĀLAM-E NESVĀN

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  a magazine founded in Mīzān 1299 Š./September 1920, one of the earliest periodicals published by and for women.

• ABŪZAYDĀBĀD

  E. Yarshater

  Oasis village of the province of Kāšān, called Būzābād for short and Bīzeva in the local dialect. It is situated 30 km to the east and slightly to the south of the city of Kāšān.

• EBN ABĪ ṬĀHER ṬAYFŪR, ABU’L-FAŻL AḤMAD

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (819-93), littérateur (adīb) and historian of Baghdad, of a Khorasani family.

• DUGDŌW

  D. N. MacKenzie

  the name of Zoroaster’s mother, which appears in several different spellings in the Pahlavi texts, mostly more or less corrupted from an original attempt at representing the Avestan form.

• ARBELA

  J. F. Hansman

  capital of an ancient northern Mesopotamian province located between the two Zab rivers.  

• BĀFQ

  C. E. Bosworth

  a small oasis town of central Iran (altitude 1,004 m) on the southern fringe of the Dašt-e Kavīr, 100 km southeast of Yazd in the direction of Kermān.

• ĀSŌRISTĀN

  G. Widengren

  name of the Sasanian province of Babylonia.

• GORGĀNI, FAḴR-AL-DIN ASʿAD

  Julie Scott Meisami

  (fl. ca. 1050), poet, best known for his verse romance Vis o Rāmin, completed in 1055 or shortly thereafter and dedicated to the Saljuq governor of Isfahan, the ʿAmid Abu’l-Fatḥ Moẓaffar b. Moḥammad.

• AMĪRAK BALʿAMĪ

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  name given to ABŪ ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD, vizier of the Samanids.

• BADR-AL-DĪN SERHENDĪ

  Y. Friedmann

  (b. ca. 1593-94), a Sufi author, translator, and disciple of Aḥmad Serhendī.

• DADESTAN

  Mansour Shaki

  (dād “law,” with the formative suffix -stān), a Middle Persian term used with denota­tions and connotations that vary with the legal, reli­gious, philosophical, and social context.

• FREE VERSE

  Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

  in Persian poetry. The term šeʿr-e āzād, Persian for the French vers libre and English free verse, entered Persia in the 1940s and immediately began to be used in a variety of senses and applied to diverse subspecies of the emerging canon of šeʿr-e now (new poetry), especially to highlight those features in which this body of poetry was felt to differ from classical Persian poetry and the contemporary practice modeled after it.

• ANKLESARIA, BAHRAMGORE TAHMURAS

  K. M. JamaspAsa and M. Boyce

  (1873-1944), Parsi scholar, son of Tahmuras Dinshah Anklesaria, born and educated in Bombay.

• FRAWARDĪGĀN

  William W. Malandra

  name of the ten-day Zoroastrian festival (gāhānbār) at year’s end in honor of the spirits of the dead.

• AMĪNJĪ

  I. Poonawala

  eminent Ṭayyebī Ismaʿili jurist from Ahmadabad in India (d. 1567).

• DĀDĪŠOʿ

  Erica C. D. Hunter

  (Syr. “beloved of Jesus”; Payne Smith, col. 824, s.v.; Pers. “given by Jesus”), catholicus of the Sasanian “Nestorian” church in 420/21-455/56.

• BĀTMAN

  Yu. Bregel

  a measure of weight, the same as mann but more common in Central Asia, especially in modern times. There was a great variety of bātmans in different regions and for weighing different goods.

• ALEXANDER THE GREAT ii. In Zoroastrian Tradition

  F. M. Kotwal and P. G. Kreyenbroek

  heritage of the Sasanian period includes two widely divergent storylines about Alexander, both of which were presumably transmitted by Zoroastrians and can therefore be labelled “Zoroastrian.”

• EBN MATTAWAYH, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ḤASAN

  Martin McDermott

  b. Aḥmad b. Mattawayh, Muʿtazilite theologian of the Basran school, a student of Qāżī ʿAbd-al-Jabbār (d. 1025).

• HAFT ḴOSRAVĀNI

  Ameneh Youssefzadeh

  the seven musical systems or modes attributed to Bārbad, the famous court musician of the Sasanian king Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 590-628).

• AMIRDOVLATʿ AMASIATSʿI

  Avedis K. Sanjian

  (b. Amasya ca. 1420/25; d. Bursa, 1496), Armenian physician at the Ottoman court and author of Angitats Anpet, an encyclopedic polyglot in six languages including Persian.

• KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (1) URBAN DESIGN

  Mohammad- Reza Haeri and EIr.

  The city of Kashan, similar to other older Iranian cities, preserved its traditional architectural features and urban design into the early 20th century.

• JONAYD-E NAQQĀŠ

  Barbara Brend

  a painter of the 14th century, known from one reference and one picture.

• AVARAYR

  R. Hewsen

  a village in Armenia in the principality of Artaz southeast of the Iranian town of Mākū.

• KANGDEZ

  Pavel Lurje

  (lit. “Fortress of Kang,”), a mythical, paradise-like fortress in Iranian folklore. There are different and often contradictory descriptions of Kang, Kangdež and several similar place names in Pahlavi literature and the epics of the Islamic period.

• AN LU-SHAN

  E. G. Pulleyblank

  frontier general of mixed Sogdian and Turkish ancestry who rose to high rank during the latter part of the reign of Hsüan-tsung (713-56).

• ABŪ SALAMA ḴALLĀL

  R. W. Bulliet

  head of the Hashemite propaganda organization (daʿwa) that sparkled the ʿAbbasid revolution and first vizier of the new dynasty. 

• AMMŌ, MĀR

  J. P. Asmussen

  Manichean apostle, outstanding figure in the missionary history of Manicheism during the 3rd century CE.

• ANŪŠA MOḤAMMAD

  G. L. Penrose

  B. ABU’L-ḠĀZĪ, ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR, Khan of Ḵīva 1663-87.

• DAHM YAZAD

  Mary Boyce

  the Middle Persian name of the Zoroastrian divinity (also known as Dahmān Āfrīn and Dahmān) who is the spirit or force inherent in the Avestan benediction called Dahma Vaŋuhi Āfriti, or Dahma Āfriti.

• EBN AL-QAṢṢĀB, ABŪ ʿABD-ALLĀH ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR MOʾAYYAD-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD

  Richard W. Bulliet

  (b. ca. 1128), b. ʿAlī, Shiʿite vizier of the caliph al-Nāṣer from 1194 to 1195.

• AFGHANISTAN ii. Flora

  M. Šafīq Yūnos

  Climate studies have shown the importance of precipitation and altitude as conditioning factors for the diversity of Afghanistan’s flora.

• BASILIUS OF CAESAREA

  J. P. Asmussen

  or Basilius the Great (ca. A.D. 330-79), bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370, after Eusebius, who wrote regarding the Magi.

• KARAJ i. Modern City

  Bernard Hourcade

  The area of Karaj has been inhabited since the Bronze Age at Tepe Khurvin, and the Iron Age at Kalāk on the left bank of the Karaj River.

• FŪMANĪ, ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ

  Sholeh Quinn

  author of the Tārīḵ-e Gīlān, a local history of Gīlān covering the years 1517-1628.

• ESḤĀQ MAWṢELĪ

  Everett K. Rowson

  (767?-850), prominent musician at the ʿAbbasid court in Baghdad and the successor of his equally famous father Ebrāhīm Mawṣelī as leader of the conservative school of musicians of the time.

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (6) in Islamic Iran

  Gernot Windfuhr

  The non-Iranian languages spoken today in Iran include members of the following language families: (1) Altaic, (2) Afro-Asiatic Semitic, (3) Indo-European, (4) Caucasian (5) Dravidian.

• ISLAM IN IRAN xi. JIHAD IN ISLAM

  David Cook

  The term jihad (Ar. jehād “struggle, striving”) occurs (either in its root or derivatives) about forty times in the Qurʾān with the secondary, but dominant, meaning of “regulated warfare with divine sanction.”

• RĀŻIA ĀZĀD

  Evelin Grassi

  (Roziya Ozod; 1893-1957), Tajik poet and educator.

• ALTŪN TAMḠĀ

  G. Doerfer

  “gold mark of ownership” (Tk.), a seal that was used throughout their empire by the Mongol rulers of Iran (including the Chupanids and Jalayerids), especially for financial or property decisions and in documents relating to financial transactions by the state.

• ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM(Ī)

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  lit. “Persian Iraq”; the name given in medieval times to the largely mountainous, western portion of modern Persia.

• OBOLLA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a port of Lower Iraq during the classical and medieval Islamic periods.

• ČERĀḠ-E DEHLĪ

  Sharif Husain Qasemi

  (b. at Avadh, ca. 675/1276-77; d. at Delhi, 18 Ramażān 757/14 September 1356), the title of Shaikh Naṣīr-al-Dīn Maḥmūd, the last of the five great early saints of the Indian Češtī order (see češtīya).

• ʿABDALLĀH KHAN

  B. W. Robinson

  Court painter (18th-19th century).

• NASU

  Mahnaz Moazami

  the demon of carrion, the greatest polluter of Ahura Mazdā’s world.

• HERBERT, THOMAS

  R. W. Ferrier

  (1606-1682), Sir, author of the first English account of Persia, having accompanied the royal embassy from King Charles I to the Safavid Shah ʿAbbās I in 1626-29.

• SMBAT BAGRATUNI

  N. Garsoian

  distinguished Armenian prince and head of the Bagratid house at the turn of the 6th to the 7th century.

• COSSAEANS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  a tribe of mountain people settled in western Iran; their land was called Cossaea/Kossaîa.

• ISFAHAN iii. POPULATION (3) Isfahan City

  Habibollah Zanjani

  As the capital of Isfahan Province, the city accounted, in 1996, for about 32.2 percent of the total population of the province and 43.4 percent of its urban population. Isfahan is also the third most populated city in the country, behind Tehran and Mashad.

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• ARTSRUNI

  C. Toumanoff

  one of the most important princely families of Armenia, an offshoot of the Orontids, Achaemenian satraps and subsequently kings of Armenia, but claiming descent from Sennacherib of Assyria.

• SULEDEH

  Habib Borjian

  Caspian township and former sub-province in Māzandarān province, located half a mile off the Caspian shore on the river Suledeh, which rose in the hills of Lābij/Lāvij. Suledeh was on the western border of the coastal part of Nur district.

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• DAULIER DESLANDES

  ANNE KROELL

  (b. Montoire-sur-le-Loir, 1621, d. Paris, 23 October 1715), author of Les Beautez de la Perse ..., a brief but valuable description of Safavid Persia in the years 1075-76/1664-65.

• BĀB (1)

  D. M. MacEoin

  “door, gate, entrance,” a term of varied application in Shiʿism and related movements.

• JĀTAKASTAVA

  Mauro Maggi

  a Khotanese religious poem in praise (Skt. stava-) of the Buddha’s former births (Skt. jātaka-).

• HORMOZD IV

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Sasanian great king (r. 579-90 CE). He succeeded Ḵosrow I Anōširavān just as the latter was negotiating a peace treaty with the Byzantine empire.

• KILIZU

  Antonio Invernizzi

  capital of the Assyrian province of the same name, near the mound Qaṣr Šemāmok in northern Mesopotamia, where a Parthian necropolis was brought to light.

• IRANSHENASI

  Abbas Milani

  a journal of Iranian studies, began publication under the editorship of Jalāl Matini and with the help of generous Iranians who have been willing to subsidize it since the spring of 1989, when its first issue was published.

• CROCODILE

  S. C. Anderson

  (nahang, Baluchi gandū), Croco­dylus palustris, the marsh crocodile. It inhabits fresh-water marshes, pools, and rivers, and probably the only suitable croco­dile habitat in Persian Baluchistan is along the Sarbāz river. The present intermittent distribution of this species in Pakistan and Persian Baluchistan represents a fragmentation of a once more continuous range during moister climatic regimes in the recent past.

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• BAHĀR (1)

  Ḡ.-Ḥ. Yūsofī

  a Persian literary, scientific, political, and social-affairs monthly, 1910-11, 1921-22. Bahār represented a departure from traditional Persian journalism; readers found its willingness to discuss contemporary literature and literary criticism a refreshing change.

• DARRŪS

  Sayyed ʿAlī Āl-e Dāwūd, JOHN CURTIS

  district in northern Tehran east of Qol-hak and south of Qayṭarīya, all former suburbs of the city; it is located about 8 km from the center of the modern city.

• ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)

  R. M. Savory

  (d.1022/1613), a Georgian ḡolām who rose to high office in the Safavid state. 

• INSTITUTE OF ISMAILI STUDIES

  Paul E. Walker

  founded in 1977 by H. H. Prince Karim Aga Khan, a gathering point for the Ismaili community’s interest in its own history and in its relationship with the larger world of Islamic scholarship and contemporary thought.

• NAXARAR

  N. Garsoian

  term given to the para-feudal, social pattern that early Armenia apparently shared with Parthian Iran, although it was preserved into the Sasanian period and beyond.

• DRAINAGE

  Eckart Ehlers

  the carrying away of excess surface water through runoff in permanent or intermittent streams. Persia can be divided into four main drainage regions: the Caspian region, the Lake Urmia region, the Persian Gulf region, and the interior. Most of it is characterized by endorheic basins, that is, by interior drainage.

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• HUMAN MIGRATION

  Mehdi Amani and Habibollah Zanjani

  This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries.

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• BADR-AL-DĪN EBRĀHĪM

  S. I. Baevskiĭ

  author of the Persian dictionary Farhang-e zafāngūyā wa jahānpūyā (The eloquent and world-seeking dictionary) composed in India in the late 14th or early 15th century.

• SĪH-RŌZAG

  Enrico G. Raffaelli

  a text of the Xorda Avesta comprising invocations to Zoroastrian divinities.

• ʿABD-AL-RAḤĪM ḴAYYĀṬ

  W. Madelung

  Muʿtazilite theologian of Baghdad (9th century).

• PHRATAPHERNES

  Ernst Badian

  a member of the highest Persian aristocracy at the end of the Achaemenid period. He probably belonged to one of the Six Families that had helped Darius I gain the throne.

• EBN YAMĪN, AMĪR FAḴR-AL-DĪN MAḤMŪD

  Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

  b. Amir Yamīn-al-Dīn Ṭoḡrāʾī, a poet of the 14th century.

• DORRAT-AL-MAʿĀLĪ

  Afsaneh Najmabadi

  (b. Tehran, 1873, d. Tehran, Šahrīvar 1924), pioneer in female education in Persia.

• AVICENNA i. Introductory note

  M. Mahdi

  philosopher who began a movement away from explicitness about the central question of the relation between philosophy and religion.

• EMPLOYMENT

  M. Amani

  economic activity in which one engages and employs his or her time and energy. One of the major factors contributing to the growth of services is the considerable number of people working for the government.

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• KAHAK

  Farhad Daftary

  Markazi Province, a village located about 35 km northeast of Anjedān and northwest of Maḥallāt in central Iran, with ruins of a fairly large caravanserai.

• ARTAXATA

  R. H. Hewsen

  a city of ancient Armenia founded ca. 176 B.C. by King Artaxias I.A

• KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (3) TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

  Mohammad- Reza Haeri and EIr.

  In line with the trend towards modernization in Iran’s recent history, most residential houses built by the middle classes in Kashan since 1950 comprise all or some of the following units: entrance, courtyard, living room, reception room, kitchen, lavatory, bath, bedroom, storage, staircase, and hall.

• ALVĪRĪ

  E. Yarshater

  a dialect spoken in the village of Alvīr and belonging to the Central group of Iranian dialects.

• ʿANBARĀN

  Marcel Bazin

  a township and district (baḵš) in the Namin sub-provincial district (šahrestān) of Ardabil Province.

• MĀHĀNI, ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH MOḤAMMAD

  Bijan Vahabzadeh

  mathematician and astronomer from Māhān, near Kerman, Iran, who flourished in the second half of the 9th century; he was a learned arithmetician and geometer, generally recognized among his peers.

• AVICENNA ix. Music

  O. Wright

  from the discussion in his Ketāb al-najāt, Dāneš-nāma-ye ʿalāʾī, and Ketāb al-Šefāʾ. He considers music one of the mathematical sciences (the medieval quadrivium).

• QALʿA-YE DOḴTAR

  Dietrich Huff

  The rocky plateau stretching in an east-west direction above the river bend was fortified against the adjoining mountainside by a traverse wall that ran up from the northern and southern cliffs to a semi-circular bastion on the spine of the crest. There are rubble stonewalls along the northern and southern precipices with fort structures on outcrops.

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• ČORMĀGŪN

  Peter Jackson

  Mongol general and military gov­ernor in Persia, d. ca. 639/1242.

• BARLEY

  M. Bazin, D. Balland

  The cultivation of barley in Iran, like that of wheat, goes back to the origin of agriculture itself. Both botanical and archeological data locate the beginning of the “Neolithic revolution” in the Fertile Crescent, where both wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, and a wide-grain kind of wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides can still be found.

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• ḠAYBA

  Said Amir Arjomand

  (Pers. ḡaybat) lit. "absence"; term used by the Shiʿites to refer to the occultation of the Hidden Imam.

• CONON OF ATHENS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (b. before 444 BCE., d. after 392 BCE),  a leading Athenian admiral during the Peloponnesian and Corinthian wars.

• DUBAI

  Sussan Siavoshi

  (Dobayy), second largest of the seven emirates constituting the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf.

• ĀSMĀN

  A. Tafażżolī

  (sky, heavens), in Zoroastrian cosmology the first part of the material (gētīg) world created by Ohrmazd.

• ĀZĀD TABRIZI

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  physician, anthologist, and translator (b. Tehran, ca. 1854; d. Paris, 1936).

• TIGRAN II

  N. Garsoian

  THE GREAT, king of Armenia (r. 95-55 BCE),  the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty.

• ČĀČ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (Ar. Šāš), the name of a district and of a town in medieval Transoxania; the name of the town was gradually supplanted by that of Tashkent from late Saljuq and Mongol times onwards.