Table of Contents

• NABIL-AL-DAWLA

  Guity Etemad

  ʿAliqoli Khan learned English and French at the Dār al-Fonun School and, with his older brother, Ḥosaynqoli Khan Kalāntar, frequented traditional Persian gymnasia, where the latter was converted to the Bahai faith by a wrestler called Ostād Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Kāši, and he in turn led ʿAliqoli Khan into the new faith in about 1895.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NABIL-E AKBAR

  Minou Foadi

  title of Āqā Moḥammad Qāʾeni, a prominent Bahai author and apologist (1829-92).

• NABIL-E AʿẒAM ZARANDI, MOLLĀ MOḤAMMAD

  Vahid Rafati

  (1831-1892), Persian Bahai poet, teacher, and chronicler of Babi history.

• NĀDER SHAH

  Ernest Tucker

  ruler of Iran, 1736-47. He rose from obscurity to control an empire that briefly stretched across Iran, northern India, and parts of Central Asia, with a reputation as a skilled military commander and with  success in battle against numerous opponents, including the Ottomans and the Mughals.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NĀDERA

  Evelin Grassi

  (1792-1842), Transoxianan poetess of Ḵᵛoqand, who wrote in both Persian–with the pen name Maknuna–and Čaḡatāy under the pseudonyms of Nādera and Kāmela.

• NADERPOUR, NADER

  Houra Yavari

  Naderpour received his primary education in Tehran and in 1942 was enrolled at Irānšahr high school. As was the case with a good number of his peers, he developed an interest in politics, and joined the nationalist Pan-Iranist Party for a short period of time. He later joined the Youth Organization of the Tudeh Party.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAFAR

  Pierre Oberling

  a tribe of Fārs and the Tehran region. Although of Turkic origin, the Nafar of Fārs have become a mixture of Turkic, Arab, and Lor elements.

• NAJAF

  Rose Aslan

  also known as al-Najaf al-Ašraf, a town in southern Iraq and one of the most important pilgrimage destinations for the Shiʿites. The city is tied to the death of ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb and his burial site, and has been home to many illustrious religious scholars over the past thousand years, rivaling Qom as a center of Shiʿite scholarship.

• NAJM-AL-SALṬANA

  Mansoureh Ettehadieh

  a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932).

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAJM-E ṮĀNI

  Michel M. Mazzaoui

  (d. 918/1512), the third holder of the office of wakil-e nafs-e nafis-e Homāyun under Shah Esmāʿil Ṣafawi, the representative of the Shah both in his religious and in his political capacity.

• NAḴJAVĀN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  the administrative center of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) with its own elected representative assembly, within the Republic of Azerbaijan but separated from it by Armenia.

• NAḴJAVĀNI, ḤĀJJ MOḤAMMAD

  Hushang Ettehad and EIr

  (1880-1962), businessman, scholar, and collector of manuscripts.

• NAḴL

  Peter Chelkowski

  As ritual objects for the ʿĀšurāʾ, naḵls are built from wood in various sizes, from simple constructions that can be carried by two persons to colossal structures about three stories high that have to be supported by hundreds of men.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAḴŠABI, ŻIĀʾ-AL-DIN

  Mohammad Karimi Zanjani Asl

  14th-century Češti mystic and author. Though originally from Naḵšab (or Nasaf, in Transoxiana), his family emigrated to India at the time of Mongol incursions.

• NALÎ

  Keith Hitchins

  Through his extensive travels and continuous studies Nali acquired a solid knowledge of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, which allowed him to draw on three rich literary traditions for his own work. His work, and his patriotic sentiments, were much affected, too, by the Ottoman government’s campaign to eliminate the autonomous Kurdish principalities.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NĀMA-YE BĀNOVĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (Women’s journal), a biweekly paper published in Tehran between 1 Mordād 1299 and 24 Khordād 1300 Š. (23 July 1920-14 June 1921).

• NĀMA-YE BĀNOVĀN-E IRĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (The journal of the women of Iran), a weekly paper published in Tehran from Farvard in 1317 until Tir 1319 Š. (March 1938-June 1940).

• NAQŠ-E ROSTAM

  Hubertus von Gall

  a perpendicular cliff wall in Fārs, about 6 km northwest of Persepolis, a site unusually rich in Achaemenid and Sasanian monuments.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NARSEH

  Ursula Weber

  Sasanian king (r. 293-302 CE), who was crowned only at the advanced age of approximately 60-65 after the short reign of his grandnephew, Bahrām III.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NASAFI, ʿAZIZ

  Hermann Landolt

   b. Moḥammad, 7th/13th-century mystical thinker and scholar from Nasaf (Naḵšab) in Transoxania (present Qarshi or Karshi in Uzbekistan), author of many works in Persian.

• NĀṢER-AL-MOLK, ABU’L-QĀSEM

  Shaul Bakhash

  (1856-1927), Qajar era courtier and statesman, prime minister during the early constitutional period, and the regent during the minority of Aḥmad Shah.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NASIM-e ŠEMĀL

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (in popular parlance, Nasim-e šomāl; Breeze of the North), one of the best-known and most popular periodicals in the history of Iranian journalism.

• NAṢIR-AL-DIN ṬUSI

  Cross-Reference

  See ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN.

• NAṢR (I) B. AḤMAD (I) B. ESMĀʿIL

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana and Khorasan between 301/914 and 331/943.

• NASU

  Mahnaz Moazami

  the demon of carrion, the greatest polluter of Ahura Mazdā’s world.

• NATEL-KHANLARI, Parviz

  CROSS-REFERENCE

  See KHANLARI, Parviz.

• NATIONAL PARKS OF IRAN

  Eskandar Firouz

  including national nature monuments, wildlife refuges, and protected areas.

• NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN IRAN

  Pirooz Ashraf

  a brief history from the outset to the Islamic Revolution of 1978-79.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAVSARI

  Cross-Reference

  city and district of Gujarat State, adjoining Surat. See PARSI COMMUNITIES i. Early History, ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Historical Review: from the Arab Conquest to Modern Times.

• NAVY i. Nāder Shah and the Iranian Navy

  Michael Axworthy

  earliest moves toward establishing a navy arose out of the consequences of his military campaigns in the interior of Persia.

• NAWBAḴTI FAMILY

  Sean W. Anthony

  a notable Shiʿite family of Persian descent, many of whose members, like their eponymous ancestor Nawbaḵt and his son Abu Sahl Fażl, ranked among the local illuminati of Baghdad.

• NAWBAḴTI, ḤASAN

  David Pingree

  b. Musā Abu Moḥammad, 4th/10th century theologian and philosopher in Baghdad, d. between 300/912-3 and 310/922-3.

• NAWʿI

  Sunil Sharma

  MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ ḴABUŠĀNI (1563-1610),  Persian poet in India, best known for his long maṯnawi, Suz o godāz, a romance centered on a suttee (sati) heroine.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAWM-NĀMA

  Orkhan Mir-Kasimov

  the dream journal of Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (1339-1394), the founder of the Ḥorufi movement.

• NAWWĀB ŠIRĀZI, ʿALI-AKBAR

  Manṣur Rastegār Fasāʾi

  (1773-1847), a scholar, author, and poet also known by the pen-name Besmel.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NAXARAR

  N. Garsoian

  term given to the para-feudal, social pattern that early Armenia apparently shared with Parthian Iran, although it was preserved into the Sasanian period and beyond.

• NĀẒER

  Cross-Reference

  title of the director of the Safavid royal secretariat.  See DAFTAR-ḴĀNA-YE HOMĀYŪN.

• NAẒIRI NIŠĀPURI

  Paul Losensky

  Indo-Persian poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries (b. Nishapur, ca. 1560; d. Ahmadabad, between 1612 and 1614).

• NEDĀY-E ESLĀM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (The voice of Islam), a pro-constitutional newspaper lithographed and published in Shiraz, 1907.

• NEGAHBAN, EZAT O.

  Kamyar Abdi

  eminent Iranian archaeologist. Negahban carried out his first series of excavations in 1961 at the site of Mehrānābād about 25 km south of Tehran on the road to Sāveh.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NEHĀVAND

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (Nehāvand), a town in western Iran, situated in the northern Zagros region.

• NEʿMAT-ALLĀH MOKRI, Ḥājj

  Cross-Reference

  See JEYḤUNĀBĀDI.

• NÉMETH, Gyula

  András Bodrogligeti

  Nemeth's scholarship was devoted almost entirely to various aspects of Ottoman-Turkish studies.  A few works of his, however, crossed over into Iranian studies and made lasting contributions to this field, including the Persian-Arabic elements in the Turkish language. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NEMRUD DAĞI

  Bruno Jacobs

  The burial mound of Antiochus I is flanked by terraces in the east, north, and west. The settings of the sculptures on the east and west terraces are essentially identical: in each case, a row of five limestone statues (originally up to 8 m in height) overlook the terrace, their backs to the mound.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NEO-ARAMAIC LANGUAGE

  Cross-Reference

  See  ARAMAIC, IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (10). Aramaic ,  ASSYRIANS IN IRAN.

• NEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN

  Frank Hole

  Originally the term “Neolithic” referred to the final Stone Age before the ages of metals.Today “Neolithic” usually refers to the period of the origins and early development of agricultural economies.

• NEŠALJ

  Multiple Authors

  large village in central Iran known for its picturesque architecture, the festivity of Friday of Nešalj in the early autumn, and its extinct Median dialect.

• NEŠALJ i. The Village

  Habib Borjian

  located in Niāsar Rural District, Niāsar District, Kashan Sub-Province, Isfahan Province.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NEŠALJ ii. The Dialect

  Habib Borjian

  Nešalj had a Median dialect of Rāji variety, a language group spread throughout Kashan region, but it has been succumbing to Persian in recent decades.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• NETHERLANDS : Archives

  Willem Floor

  The main sources for Iran, the Persian Gulf and the Dutch-Persian relations are found in the Dutch National Archives (Nationaal Archief, NA).