Table of Contents

  • JEYḤUNĀBĀDI

    Mojan Membrado

    (1871-1920), ḤĀJJ NEʿMAT-ALLĀH MOKRI, an influential mystic whose stated mission was to collect and record the previously oral traditions of the Ahl-e Ḥaqq.

  • JEZYA

    Vera B. Moreen

    the poll or capitation tax levied on members of non-Muslim monotheistic faith communities (Jews, Christians, and, eventually, Zoroastrians), who fell under the protection (ḏemma) of Muslim Arab conquerors.

  • JIHAD

    cross-reference

    "holy war." See ISLAM IN IRAN xi. Jihad in Islam.

  • JIHOṆIKA

    O. Bopearachchi

    a ruler in northwestern India known to us from his coins and an inscription (1st cent. CE).

  • JIROFT

    Multiple Authors

    sub-province (šahrestān), town, and dam in Kerman Province. i. Geography. ii. Human geography and environment. iii. General survey of excavations. iv. Iconography of chlorite artifacts.

  • JIROFT i. Geography of Jiroft Sub-Province

    M. Badanj and EIr.

    Located in the south of Kerman Province, the sub-province of Jiroft is bound by those of Kermān (north), Bam (east), ʿAnbarābād and Kahnuj (south), and Bāft (west).

  • JIROFT ii. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT

    Eric Fouache

    Jiroft is the regional capital of the middle section of the Halil Rud valley, southern Kerman Province. The valley, oriented northwest to southeast, 400 km long, takes its source in the Zagros mountain range north of Jiroft and ends in the endorheic Jaz-murian basin.

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  • JIROFT iii. GENERAL SURVEY OF EXCAVATIONS

    Oscar White Muscarella

    All the artifacts known to date that are accorded the Jiroft label have not been excavated; they have in fact been plundered.

  • JIROFT iv. ICONOGRAPHY OF CHLORITE ARTIFACTS

    Jean Perrot

    Technical variations, notably in the inlaying method of colored stones, point to the existence of several workshops. Considering style, the aesthetic ratio of the whole is comparatively high.

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  • JĪVAKAPUSTAKA

    Mauro Maggi

    a medical text in Sanskrit and Khotanese belonging to the Indian Ayurvedic tradition.

  • JIWĀM

    Firoze M. Kotwal and Jamsheed K. Choksy

    “(consecrated) milk,” the designation for one of the organic items—now a mixture of milk and consecrated water—used in the  high or inner liturgical rituals of the Zoroastrians.

  • JÑĀNOLKADHĀRAṆĪ

    Mauro Maggi

    “Spell of [the Buddha] Jñānolka,” the name of a short Buddhist text of the Mahayanist tradition containing two magic spells (dhāraṇī) aimed at the protection and deliverance of beings.

  • JOBBĀʾI

    Sabine Schmidtke

    the name of two Muʿtazilite theologians, Abu ʿAli Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-al-Wahhāb (849-915) and his son Abu Hāšem ʿAbd-al-Salām (890-933).

  • JOČI

    Michal Biran

    (in Persian and Turkic also Tuši, Duši, ca. 1184-1227), the eldest son of Čengiz Khan (d. 1227) and the ancestor of the khans of the Golden Horde, the westernmost Mongolian khanate.

  • JOFT-E GĀV

    Cross-Reference

    "pair of oxen," term used in traditional farming system of Iran. See GĀVBAND.

  • JOḠD

    cross-reference

    See BUF.

  • JOLLĀBI, ABU’L-ḤASAN

    cross-reference

    See HOJVIRI, ABU’L-ḤASAN.

  • JOMUR

    P. Oberling

    (also angl. Jumur), a small Sunnite Kurdish tribe of northern Lorestān.

  • JONAS, Hans

    Kurt Rudolph

    In 1958 Jonas published The Gnostic Religion, which is a revised English version of his German study of gnosticism. He was a prolific author who wrote many books, essays, and articles on the philosophical problems of nature, organism, and technology. 

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  • JONAYD

    Kathryn Babayan

    B. EBRĀHIM, a patrilineal descendant of Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din (d. 1334), the founder of the Ṣafaviya order in Ardabil. Jonayd played the central role in expanding the membership of the order.

  • JONAYD-E NAQQĀŠ

    Barbara Brend

    a painter of the 14th century, known from one reference and one picture.

  • JONDIŠĀBUR

    cross-reference

    See GONDĒŠĀPUR.

  • JONES, WILLIAM

    Michael J. Franklin

    (1746-1794), Sir, orientalist and judge, noted for his enduring commitment to a syncretic East-West synthesis and unshakeable belief in cultural pluralism.

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  • JONG

    David J. Roxburgh

    literary miscellany of Persian prose and poetry, and album of pictures and illustrations. Inventiveness in the production of jongs peaked in Persia in the 1400s and continued into the 1500s, when techniques such as découpage, gold-sprinkled, stenciled, and/or painted borders, and  colored inks or outline for calligraphy were introduced.

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  • JONG-E ESFAHĀN

    Jalil Doostkhah

    (Isfahan anthology), an independent, avant-garde literary periodical, established in Isfahan in 1965 by a circle of literary men, irregularly producing 11 issues from 1965 to 1973. 

  • JORBĀDAQĀN

    cross-reference

    See GOLPĀYAGĀN.

  • JORBĀDAQĀNI, ABU’L-ŠARAF

    cross-reference

    See ABU’L-ŠARAF JORBĀDAQĀNI.

  • JORDAN, SAMUEL MARTIN

    Michael Zirinsky

    In Jordan’s time, Iran was beset by Russian and British imperial aspirations, and many Iranians sought to buttress their country’s independence by drawing a third power into the balance. These Iranians saw the US as well-suited for this role because it then had no obvious imperial designs in the region.

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  • JORJĀN

    cross-reference

    See GORGĀN.

  • JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI

    Josef van Ess

    B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿALI AL-ḤOSAYNI (1340-1413), prolific author and scholar of the early Timurid period.

  • JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ESMĀʿIL

    Hušang Aʿlam

     better known as Sayyed Esmāʿil Jorjāni (b. Gorgān, 1043-44?; d. Marv, 1136-37), physician and author of Ḏaḵira-ye ḵᵛārazamšāhi, the largest encyclopedia of Galenic medicine in Persian. 

  • JOSEPH

    Multiple Authors

    (Ar. Yusof), son of the biblical patriarch Jacob. The story of Joseph has always been a source of attractive subject matters for the exegetists of the Qurʾān, poets, miniaturists, and popular tales.

  • JOSEPH i. IN PERSIAN LITERATURE

    Asghar Dadbeh

    As a love story with religious overtones, the romance of Yusof and Zolayḵā has always been among the very favorite themes of Persian poets.

  • JOSEPH ii. In Qurʾānic Exegesis

    Annabel Keeler

    In the Qurʾān, the story of the prophet Joseph is unique in being related as one continuous narrative, making up almost the entirety of chapter (sura) 12.

  • JOSEPH iii. IN PERSIAN ART

    Chad Kia

    The most appealing subject from the Joseph story has been the episode involving Potiphar’s wife, called Zolayḵā in Islamic lore. The popularity of the stories as a subject for lyrical and narrative poetry dates back to the Ghaznavid period.

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  • JOSTANIDS

    Manouchehr Pezeshk

    also referred to as Āl-e Jostān and Āl-e Vahsudān, a local dynasty that ruled from Rudbār in Deylam, the mountainous district of Gilān during the late 8th and early 9th centuries.

  • JOURNALISM IN IRAN

    Multiple Authors

    the collection and editing of news for presentation through the public press during the Qajar, Pahlavi, and Post-Revolutionary periods.

  • JOURNALISM i. Qajar Period

    Negin Nabavi

    For much of the Qajar period, journalism was a state-run domain. In the second half of the period,  newspapers began to appear increasingly.

  • JOURNALISM ii. Pahlavi Period

    cross-reference

    See forthcoming online.

  • JOURNALISM iii. Post-Revolution Era

    Hossein Shahidi

    At the time of the 1978-79 Revolution, there were about 100 newspapers in Iran, of which twenty-three were dailies. Within two years of the revolution, 700 new titles had appeared.

  • JOVAYN

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    name of three historical localities: a village in Fārs, a fortress o the northeast of Lake Zereh in Sistān, and especially the district of that name in Khorasan.

  • JOVAYNI FAMILY

    Hashem Rajabzadeh

    a family of men of the pen and statesmen of the 13th and 14th centuries in Iran. Men of this family held high positions in the government under the Saljuq, Ḵᵛārazmšāh, and Il-khanid dynasties.

  • JOVAYNI, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DIN

    George Lane

    (1226-1283), ʿAṬĀ-MALEK b. Moḥammad, governor of Iraq under the Il-khanids, author of Tāriḵ-e jahān-gošāy, a major primary source for the history of Central Asia and the Mongol conquests.

  • JOVAYNI, EMĀM-AL-ḤARAMAYN

    Paul L. Heck

    (1028-1085), Abu’l-Maʿāli ʿAbd-al-Malek b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Yusof, a noted Shafiʿite scholar.

  • JOVAYNI, ṢĀḤEB DIVĀN

    Michal Biran

    ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad (d. 1284), Persian statesman of the early Il-khanid period, the younger brother of the historian  ʿAlāʾ-al-Din ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni.

  • JOVIAN

    Erich Kettenhofen

    (Flavius Iovianus; 331-364), Roman emperor, r. 363-64. The present article confines discussion to the events related to the Persian campaign of 363.

  • JOWŠAQĀN

    Habib Borjian

    district in Isfahan Province in central Persia, best known for its carpets and for its dialect.

  • JOWŠAQĀN i. The District

    Habib Borjian

    Jowšaqān is located at 65 miles northwest of Isfahan, where the western foothills of the Karkas Mountain range break down into plain.

  • JOWŠAQĀN ii. The Dialect

    Habib Borjian

    Jowšaqāni, spoken in the township of Jowšaqān, is a variety of the local dialects of Kāšān, a subgroup of the Central Dialects. Published materials on the dialect include Ann Lambton’s brief grammar and texts and glossary, and R. Zargari’s verb forms, glossary, and idioms.

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  • JOWZJĀN

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    Arabicized form of Persian Gowzgān(ān), a district of eastern Khorasan in early Islamic times, now roughly corresponding to the northwest of modern Afghanistan.

  • JOWZJĀNI, ABU ʿOBAYD

    Robert Wisnovsky

    (Juzjāni), ABU ʿOBAYD ʿABD-AL-WĀḤED b. Moḥammad, companion, literary secretary, and biographer of Avicenna.

  • JOWZJĀNI, MIR JUJOK

    R. D. McChesney

    a late 16th-century literary figure given the title malek al-šoʿarāʾ at Balkh by the Shibanid (Šaybānid) ruler there, ʿAbd-al-Moʾmen Khan (r. at Balkh 1583-98).

  • JUB-E GOWHAR

    Bruno Overlaet

    an archeological site in the Eyvān plain, Ilām province (Poštkuh, Lorestān). A total of sixty-six tombs of a partially plundered graveyard were excavated in 1977 by the Belgian Archeological Mission in Iran, directed by Louis Vanden Berghe.

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  • JUBAN

    Ali Hakemi

    excavation site in Gilan Province, 54 km south of Rasht, 4 km south of Kalvarz, and 12 km from Rudbār. In 1966, after three months of excavations (mid-spring to mid-summer), the archeological association of Rudbār discovered here the remains of a civilization dating from the beginning to the middle of the first millennium BCE.

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  • JUBĀRA

    cross-reference

    See ISFAHAN xviii. JEWISH COMMUNITY

  • JUDAKI

    Pierre Oberling

    a small Lor tribe of the Ḵorramābād region in western Persia.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES

    Multiple Authors

     OF IRAN, one of the oldest Jewish populations in the Diaspora. 

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES i. INTRODUCTION

    Houman Sarshar

    Jewish communities have been living upon the Persian plateau since ca. 721 BCE, when King Sargon II (r. 721-705 BCE) relocated large communities of conquered Israelites.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES ii. ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Mayer I. Gruber

    The most significant chapter in the story of Jews and Judaism in Persia began 15 March 597 BCE, when King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia conquered Jerusalem and carried away as captives 10,000 Jews from Jerusalem and Judah.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES iii. PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN PERIODS

    Jacob Neusner

    By the time the Parthians reached Babylonia, Jews had lived there, under Babylonian, Achaemenid, and Seleucid rule for more than four and a half centuries.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES iv. MEDIEVAL TO LATE 18TH CENTURY

    Vera Basch Moreen

    From ancient times Iranian Jews formed communities in most of the major towns, villages, and regions of the Persianate world. Between the 8th and 10th centuries, Iraq and Iran contained very large and prosperous Jewish populations.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES v. QAJAR PERIOD (1)

    Daniel Tsadik

    The socio-economic and legal status of the Jews of Iran in early Qajar times was, to an extent, a continuation of the legacy of Safavid times. With the passage of time, however, certain changes started to be seen.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES v. QAJAR PERIOD (2)

    Mehrdad Amanat

    In the latter part of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries there occurred a relatively widespread mass movement of Persian Jews to the Bahai community.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES vi. THE PAHLAVI ERA (1925-1979)

    Orly R. Rahimiyan

    Zionist institutions in London and the Iranian Foreign Ministry engaged in heated arguments over the total ban on emigration to Palestine and on the use of Iranian soil by Russian Jews as a transit station on their way to Palestine.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES vii. THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

    Cross-Reference

    See forthcoming online.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES viii. JUDEO-PERSIAN LANGUAGE

    Thamar E. Gindin

    a group of very similar, usually mutually comprehensible, dialects of Persian, spoken or written by Jews in greater Iran over a period of more than a millennium.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES ix. JUDEO-PERSIAN LITERATURE

    Amnon Netzer

    Most of the inscriptions and documents written in Judeo-Persian at the beginning of the Islamic period were discovered in the 19th century. They are important for the study of the development of early New Persian, and their existence proves that Jews lived and were active in all areas within and beyond the borders of historical Persia.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES x. JUDEO-PERSIAN JARGON (LOTERĀʾI)

    Ehsan Yarshater

    Loterāʾi is the secret jargon used by the Jewish communities of Iran and Afghanistan when they do not want the content of their talk to be understood by non-Jews.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES xi. MUSIC (1)

    Houman Sarshar

    This section is divided into four sub-sections: introduction, religious music, para-liturgical music, and secular Persian Jewish music.

  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES xi. MUSIC (2)

    Houman Sarshar

    This section is divided into: moṭrebs (hired popular musicians), Persian classical music, instrument makers, and popular music. Existing scholarship and historical documents suggest that Jews were the most prevalent minority engaged as moṭrebs.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES xii. PERSIAN CONTRIBUTION TO JUDAISM

    Jacob Neusner

    While the Jews of the Parthian and Sasanian empires spoke (eastern) Aramaic, not Middle Persian, Persian influence on Judaism through the Babylonian Talmud (Bavli) is by no means negligible.

  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS

    Multiple Authors

    i. Achaemenid systems.  ii. Parthian and Sasanian judicial system. iii. Sasanian legal system. iv. Judicial system, advent of Islam through the 19th century. v. Judicial system, 20th century. vi. Legal system, Islamic period.

  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS i. ACHAEMENID JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS

    F. Rachel Magdalene

    This article will address principally the sources of our knowledge of the judicial and legal system in the Achaemenid period, as well as the nature of the court system, which persons had standing to sue, and legal procedure.

  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS ii. PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEMS

    Mansour Shaki

    In Sasanian times, and by extrapolation in previous periods, there were courts of justice at various levels all over the empire, in every rural area, district, and city.

  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS iii. SASANIAN LEGAL SYSTEM

    Maria Macuch

    A great number of treatises on jurisprudence must have existed in the Sasanian age, called dādestān-nāmag “Lawbooks,” but only one text from this period has survived.

  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS iv. JUDICIAL SYSTEM FROM THE ADVENT OF ISLAM THROUGH THE 19TH CENTURY

    Willem Floor

    From the beginning of Islamic rule in Persia, a secular and a religious judiciary co-existed: the ʿorfi court applying the common law, the tribunal of religious judge (qāẓi) applying the sacred law (šariʿa).

  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE 20TH CENTURY

    Willem Floor

    Twentieth-century Iran experienced dramatic changes to its judicial system during the following periods: (1) Constitutional Period, (2) Pahlavi Period, (3) Post-revolution Period. 

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  • JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS vi. LEGAL SYSTEM, ISLAMIC PERIOD

    Cross-Reference

    See forthcoming, online. See also AḴBĀRIYA; CIVIL CODE; CONSTITUTION; CONTRACT; FEQHHADITH.

  • JUJUBE

    Hušang Aʿlam

    (ʿonnāb), the edible drupe of the jujube tree Ziziphus jujuba Miller.

  • JUKES, ANDREW

    Shireen Mahdavi

    British East India Company surgeon and political agent (1774-1821).

  • JULFA

    Multiple Authors

    short for New Julfa, a large settlement on the southwestern edge of Isfahan, established by Armenian refugees in 1605. The modern town is still mostly populated by Armenians.

  • JULFA i. SAFAVID PERIOD

    Vazken S. Ghougassian

    The original Julfa is a very old village in the province of Nakhijevan (Naḵjavān), in historical Armenia. In early summer of 1605, the Julfa deportees to Iran were given temporary shelter in Isfahan, and they began with the building of New Julfa on the right bank of the Zāyandarud. For the first decades after its foundation, New Julfa was exclusively populated by Armenians from Old Julfa.

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  • JULFA ii. THE 18TH AND THE 19TH CENTURY

    Vazken S. Ghougassian

    The Afghan occupation of Isfahan between 1722 and 1729 struck a most devastating blow to the Armenians of New Julfa, although the city was spared total destruction and massive killings of its population.Nāder Shah Afšār (d. 1747) was even more brutal. Karim Khan Zand (d. 1779) treated the Armenian community fairly well and tried to encourage the return of expatriate Julfan merchants.

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  • JULFA iii. THE 20TH CENTURY

    Vazken S. Ghougassian

    The Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11 had a profound impact on Persian society as a whole. Armenians were actively involved in the constitutional movement.

  • JULFA iv. ARCHITECTURE AND PAINTING

    Armen Haghnazarian

    By 1640 New Julfa had grown into an important cultural center with many public buildings, including churches, markets, and bath houses.

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  • JULFA v. ARMENIANS IN INDIA

    Sebouh Aslanian

    In the 17th century, Julfan merchants expanded their trade network in South Asia, and at the beginning of the 18th century the Primate of New Julfa had jurisdiction over the Armenian congregations in India and Java.

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  • JULIAN

    Erich Kettenhofen

    (Flavius Claudius Iulianus), Roman emperor (r. 361-63). The present article deals only with Julian’s military campaign against the Sasanians up to his death.

  • JUNGE, PETER JULIUS

    A. Shapur Shahbazi

    German ancient historian and Iranologist (1913-1943).

  • JUNKER, HEINRICH FRANZ JOSEF

    Werner Sundermann

    Junker chose as the subject of his thesis one of the most difficult and linguistically important Pahlavi texts, the Middle Persian dictionary of heterograms (a most appropriate term applied by Junker to Middle Iranian Aramaic spellings) and their eteographic explanations.

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  • JUSTI, FERDINAND (WILHELM JAKOB)

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    German scholar of Oriental, particularly Iranian, studies, comparative philologist, and folklorist (1837-1907).

  • JUSTINIAN I

    Erich Kettenhofen

    (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus), Eastern Roman emperor, 527-65; his rule was marked by several military conflicts with the Sasanian empire under Kawād I and Chosroes (Ḵosrow) I. When Justinian assumed autarchy on 1 August 527, Byzantium and the Sasanian empire were already at war.

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  • JUYBĀRIS

    R. D. McChesney

    prominent Bukharan family dynasty, whose leading social position lasted more than 500 years. One of the foundations of the family’s status was spiritual.

  • Jangnāme

    music sample

  • J~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

    Cross-Reference

    list of all the figure and plate images in the letter J entries.