Table of Contents

• JĀMEʿ AL-TAWĀRIḴ

  Charles Melville

  (The Compendium of chronicles), historical work composed in 1300-10 by Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh Ṭabib Hamadāni, vizier to the Mongol Il-khans Ḡāzān and Öljeitü.

• JĀMEʿ al-TAWĀRIḴ ii. Illustrations

  Sheila S. Blair

  Just as the text of Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh’s Jāmeʿ al-tawāriḵ can be regarded as groundbreaking historically, so too the illustrations to it are seminal for the study of art history.

• JĀMEʿ-E ʿABBĀSI

  Sajjad Rizvi

  a Persian manual on foruʿ al-feqh (positive rules derived from the sources of legal knowledge) in Shiʿism.

• JĀMEʿA

  cross-reference

  See ZIĀRAT-E JĀMEʿA.

• JĀMEʿA-YE LISĀNSIAHĀ-YE DĀNEŠ-SARĀ-YE ʿĀLI

  Ahmad Birashk

   the Association of graduates of the Teacher Training College, founded in 1932 by its first two graduating classes.

• JĀMI

  Multiple Authors

  ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN NUR-AL-DIN b. Neẓām-al-Din Aḥmad-e Dašti, Persian poet, scholar, and Sufi (1414-1492).

• JĀMI i. Life and Works

  Paul Losensky

  though born in the hamlet of Ḵarjerd, Jāmi would take his penname from the nearby village of Jām (lying about midway between Mashad and Herat), where he spent his childhood.

• JĀMI ii. And Sufism

  Hamid Algar

  among the several facets of Jāmi’s persona and career—Sufi, scholar, poet, associate of rulers—it may be permissible to award primacy to the first mentioned.

• JĀMI iii. And Persian Art

  Chad Kia

  Jāmi’s writings are among the most frequently illustrated in the history of Persian manuscript painting.

• JĀMI RUMI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (or Jāmi Meṣri), AḤMAD, Ottoman official, poet, and translator (fl. 10th/16th century).

• JAMʿIYAT-E HELĀL-E AḤMAR-E IRĀN

  Farid Ghassemlou

  a non-governmental humanitarian organization affiliated with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC); founded in 1919 to promote health activities.

• JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI

  Ali Rahnema

  (Society of Islamic Coalition), a religious-political organization founded in 1963 to propagate Ayatollah Khomeini’s vision of an Islamic-Iranian state and society and to mobilize the population to implement that vision. 

• JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. Hayʾathā-ye Moʾtalefa-ye Eslāmi 1963-79

  Ali Rahnema

  The Islamic Coalition of Mourning Groups was born almost two years after the death of Ayatollah Ḥosayn Ṭabāṭabāʾi Borujerdi in 1961.

• JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI ii. Jamʿiyat-e Moʾtalefa and the Islamic Revolution

  Ali Rahnema

  After the 1979 Revolution, the “Coalition of Islamic Mourning Groups” changed its expressive and meaningful name to the rather awkward appellation of Jamʿiyat-e moʾtalefa-ye eslāmi (the Society of Islamic Coalition).

• JAMḴĀNA

  cross-reference

  See AḤL-E ḤAQQ.

• JAMKARĀN

  Jean Calmard

  village near Qom, located 6 km south of it on the Qom-Kashan highway. It includes the mazraʿas of Gorgābi (Hādi-Mehdi) and Zangābād, the ruins of Gabri castle, and the Jamkarān or Ṣāḥeb-al-Zamān mosque.

• JAMSHIDI TRIBE

  Christine Noelle-Karimi

  (Jamšidi) one of several semi-nomadic, Persian-speaking, Hanafite Sunni groups of northwestern Afghanistan known as aymāq.

• JAMŠID

  Multiple Authors

  (or Jam), mythical king of Iran; Avestan Yima (Old Indic Yama), with the epithet xšaēta.

• JAMŠID B. MASʿUD ḠIĀṮ-AL-DIN KĀŠI

  cross-reference

  See KĀŠI.

• JAMŠID i. Myth of Jamšid

  PRODS OKTOR SKJÆRVØ

  In the Avesta, he ruled the world in a golden age; he saved living beings from a natural catastrophe by preserving specimens in his var- (fortress); he possessed the most Fortune among mortals, but lost it and his kingship as a consequence of lying.

• JAMŠID ii. In Persian Literature

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  Sources all agree that he reigned for several hundred years, but they differ on the exact length of his rule.

• JĀN MOḤAMMAD KHAN

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  (1886-1951), AMIR ʿALĀʾI, brigadier general and commander of Khorasan army during the early Reżā Shah period, noted for his ruthlessness but eventually undone due to a mutiny of unpaid troops.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JANĀB

  cross-reference

  See ALQĀB VA ʿANĀWIN.

• JANĀB DAMĀVANDI

  S. A. Mir ʿAlinaqi

  (1867-1973), popular name of Moḥammad Fallāḥi, a vocalist of the late Qajar period.

• JAND

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a medieval Islamic town on the right bank of the lower Jaxartes in Central Asia some 350 km from where the river enters the Aral Sea.

• JANDAQ

  M. Badanj

  a town and rural district (dehestān) in the Ḵor and Biābānak district (baḵš) of Nāʾin sub-province in the province of Isfahan.

• JANGALI MOVEMENT

  Pezhmann Dailami

  (1915-20), under the leadership of Mirzā Kuček Khan Jangali, in response to the political decay during World War I and the occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and Ottoman troops.

• JĀNI BEG KHAN BIGDELI ŠĀMLU

  Rudi Matthee

  (d. 1645), išik-āqāsi-bāši (master of ceremony) and qurči-bāši (head of the tribal guards) under the Safavid Shah Ṣafi I (r. 1629-42) and Shah ʿAbbās II (r. 1642-66).

• JANNĀBA

  Cross-Reference

  term used by early Muslim geographers to refer to the county (šahrestān) and port city on the Persian Gulf in the province of Būšehr. See GANĀVA.

• JANNĀBI, ABU SAʿID

  Cross-Reference

  11th-century vizier and man of letters. See, ĀBI, ABU SAʿID.

• JAPAN

  Multiple Authors

  AND ITS RELATIONS WITH IRAN. The subject of contact between the two countries will be discussed in the following sub-entries.

• JAPAN i. Introduction

  C. J. Brunner

  Direct contact and observation of each other by Persians and Japanese would wait for the establishment of Japan’s relations with the world by the modernizing administration of the Meiji period (1868-1912).

• JAPAN ii. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations with Iran

  Nobuaki Kondo

  Iranian diplomatic contact with Japan is believed to date from 1873, when Nāṣer-al-Din Shah, on his first trip to Europe, met Naonobu Sameshima of Satsuma, who was the then Japanese ambassador to Paris, France.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• Japan iii. Japanese Travelers to Persia

  Tadahiko Ohtsu and Hashem Rajabzadeh

  It was only in 1854 that relations with foreign countries were resumed. This process gathered pace with the advent of the Meiji period (1868-1912), when the Japanese were allowed to go on official visits abroad.

• JAPAN iv. Iranians in Japan

  Toyoko Morita

  Among the foreigners in Japan, Iranians total about 5,000 people, constituting a small minority group.

• JAPAN v. ARCHEOLOGICAL MISSIONS TO PERSIA

  Toh Sugimura

  After World War II Japanese archeologists could not continue their work on sites in Korea and China, and their expertise became available for research in the Middle East and Persia.

• JAPAN vi. IRANIAN STUDIES IN JAPAN, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Takeshi Aoki

  Ancient Iranian studies in Japan started at the beginning of the 20th century in Tokyo and Kyoto independently.

• JAPAN vii. IRANIAN STUDIES, ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

   Forthcoming, Online.

• JAPAN viii. SAFAVID STUDIES IN JAPAN

  Masashi Haneda

  The genesis of Safavid studies in Japan was an outgrowth of the interest in the history of the Mongols and the Turkic people, which is a significant point characterizing Safavid studies there.

• JAPAN ix. Centers for Persian Studies in Japan

  Hashem Rajabzadeh

  Formal undergraduate and graduate programs of Persian studies in Japan are offered at Osaka University School of Foreign Studies and Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.

• JAPAN x. COLLECTIONS OF PERSIAN BOOKS IN JAPAN

  Cross-Reference

  Forthcoming, online.

• JAPAN xi. COLLECTIONS OF PERSIAN ART IN JAPAN

  Toh Sugimura

  Persian works of art in Japanese collections may be classified into (1) artifacts brought through China and Korea up to early modern times, (2) purchases in art markets since the 19th century.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JAPAN xii. TRANSLATIONS OF PERSIAN WORKS INTO JAPANESE

  Hashem Rajabzadeh

  Japanese readers were introduced to the Persian classics with translations of ʿOmar Ḵayyām’s Robāʿiyāt and Ferdowisi’s Šāh-nāma.

• JAPAN xiii. TRANSLATIONS OF JAPANESE WORKS INTO PERSIAN

  Hashem Rajabzadeh

  Introduction of Japan to Persian readers began when Japanese military victories over China (1894-95) and, especially, Russia (1904-05) excited the interest of Iranians.

• JĀRČI

  Charles Melville

  a public crier, announcer or herald, derived from the Mongol jar (proclamation, announcement). Criers or heralds naturally have a role in both civilian and military capacities.

• JĀRČI-E MELLAT

  EIr.

  a weekly satirical newspaper published in Tehran, 1910-28 (with long interruptions).

• JARI, TALL-E

  Yoshihiro Nishiaki

  a Fars Province site named for its two closely situated prehistoric mounds, Jari A and B. The two mounds are located approximately 12 km southeast of Persepolis.

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• JARQUYA

  Habib Borjian

  district located in the eastern region of Isfahan Province. i. The district. ii. The dialect.

• JARQUYA i. The District

  Habib Borjian

  Separated from Isfahan by the Šāhkuh range, Jarquya spreads over 6,500 km², stretching in a northwest-southeast direction to the wasteland that separates it from Abarquh.

• JARQUYA ii. The Dialect

  Habib Borjian

  The dialect of Jarquya, together with those of Rudašt and Kuhpāya to its north, belongs to the Isfahani subgroup of the Central Dialects. Only about half of the villages of the district have retained their idioms, namely Ganjābād, Siān, Yangābād, Peykān, Mazraʿa-ʿArab, and Ḥaydarābād in Lower Jarquya, and Dastgerd, Kamālābād, Ḥasanābād, Ḵārā, and Yaḵčāl in Upper Jarquya.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JARRĀḤI RIVER

  cross-reference

  See KHUZESTAN i. Geography.

• JĀRUDIYA

  cross-reference

  See ZAIDIS.

• JĀS

  D. T. Potts

  also written Jāšk (‘Jasques’ in English East India Company sources), a small Baluchi port on the Makrān coast with palm gardens.

• JĀSK

  Daniel T. Potts

  a small Baluchi port on the Makrān coast with palm gardens, considered part of the Hormozgan province.

• JAŠN

  cross-reference

  See GĀHANBĀR; FESTIVALS ii.

• JĀSP

  cross-reference

  See MAḤALLĀT.

• JĀT

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  a contested and ambiguous label for several non-food-producing peripatetic, itinerant communities in Afghanistan and the surrounding region.

• JĀTAKASTAVA

  Mauro Maggi

  a Khotanese religious poem in praise (Skt. stava-) of the Buddha’s former births (Skt. jātaka-).

• JAUBERT, PIERRE AMÉDÉE ÉMILIEN-PROBE

  Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam

  In June 1806 Jaubert was received in audience by the shah in Tehran and presented a letter from Napoleon. Negotiations were carried out,  and the court offered him a large portrait of the shah.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JAVĀNMARDI

  Mohsen Zakeri

  also fotowwa, denoting a wide variety of amorphous associations with initiation rituals and codes in the Islamic world, primarily in its eastern regions.

• JAVĀNRUD

  ʿAbd-Allāh Marduḵ and EIr.

  a city and a sub-province (šahrestān) in the northwest of Kermānšāhān Province near the border with Iraq at about 110 km southwest of Sanandaj sub-province.

• JAVĀNŠIR QARĀBĀḠI, JAMĀL

  George Bournoutian

  (1773-1853), a leader of the Javānšir tribe and an office-holder in Qarābāḡ and Dagestan.

• JĀVDĀN-NĀMA

  Orkhan Mir-Kasimov

  the major work of Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (d. 1394), the founder of the Ḥorufi movement.

• JĀVID, ʿABD-AL-AḤMAD

  Nassereddin Parvin

  Following his passion for Persian literature, Jāvid enrolled at the Faculty of Literature at Tehran University and studied alongside a number of students who would later rise to prominence. After compiling the preliminary work for his dissertation, he returned to Kabul with B.A. degrees in literature and law and began to teach and conduct research.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JĀVID-NĀMA

  David Matthews

  (Pers. Jāved-nāma), title of a Persian maṯnawi by Muhammad Iqbal, often rendered into English as “The Song of Eternity,” first published in 1932.

• JAWĀHER AL-ʿAJĀYEB

  Maria Szuppe

  a short, rare kind of taḏkera in Persian, containing biographies of female poets and specimens of their verses (mostly in Persian, some in Chaghatay Turkish).

• JAWĀHER-E ḴAMSA

  Carl W. Ernst

  title of a Persian work on Sufi meditation practices composed by the well-known and controversial Šaṭṭārī saint, Moḥammad Ḡawṯ Gwāleyārī (1500-1563).

• JAWĀHER-NĀMA

  Yves Porter

  the title of several Persian works on precious stones, gems, minerals, and metals, as well as on crafts related to them.

• JAWĀLIQI, HEŠĀM

  Abbas Kadhim

  b. Sālem, an Imami jurist and theologian of the 8th century. He was a close associate of the Imams Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq and Musā al-Kāẓem.

• JAWĀMEʿ AL-ḤEKĀYĀT

  Dariush Kargar

  the earliest and the most comprehensive collection of stories in the Persian language, compiled by Sadid-al-Din Moḥammad ʿAwfi (d. after 1232).

• JAWHARI, ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH AḤMAD

  Abbas Kadhim

   b. Moḥammad b. ʿObayd-Allāh b. Ḥasan b. ʿAyyāš, 10th-century Imami transmitter of Hadith (d. 1010).

• JAXARTES

  Cross-Reference

  river in Central Asia. See SYR DARYA, forthcoming online.

• JAZĀʾERI, NEʿMAT-ALLĀH ŠOŠTARI

  Forthcoming

  NEʿMAT-ALLĀH ŠOŠTARI JAZĀʾERI will be discussed in a future online entry.

• JAZI, ʿABBĀS

  Habib Borjian

  (1847-1905), DARVIŠ, poet in the dialect of Gaz, an oasis north of Isfahan.

• JAZIRI

  Joyce Blau

  SHAIKH AḤMAD, or Malâ-ye Jizrî, early Kurdish poet.

• JAŽN-Ā JAMĀʿIYA

  Khalil Jindy Rashow

  (Feast of the Assembly), the great communal festival of the Yazidis.

• JEBĀL

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  in Arabic, the plural of jabal “mountain,” a geographical term used in early Islamic times for the western part of Persia, roughly corresponding to ancient Media (Ar. māh).

• JEBHE-YE MELLI

  cross-reference

  See NATIONAL FRONT.

• JEBRIL B. ʿOBAYD-ALLĀH

  cross-reference

  See BOḴTIŠUʿ.

• JEH

  Albert de Jong

  name of a female demon in a small number of Zoroastrian Middle Persian texts. The name of Jeh is commonly, but with little justification, translated as “whore.”

• JEJEEBHOY, JAMSETJEE

  Jesse S. Palsetia

  (1783-1859), Sir, Parsi businessman and philanthropist.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JELD

  cross-reference

  See BOOKBINDING 1; BOOKBINDING 2.

• JELWA, ABU’L-ḤASAN

  Mahdi Khalaji

  b. Moḥammad Ṭabāṭabāʾi (1823-1897), a leading Shiʿite scholar and master teacher of philosophy and mathematics.

• JELWA, KETĀB AL-

  Philip Kreyenbroek

  (Kurd. Kitēba jilwe “the Book of splendor”), title of a notional sacred text in Yazidism.

• JEM SOLṬĀN

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (or Šāhzāda Jem, 1459-1495), Ottoman prince and poet.

• JEMĀLI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  Ottoman poet and writer of the 15th century.

• JEN-NĀMA

  Mohammad Reza Ghanoonparvar

  (The book of jinn, Sweden, 1998), the last novel of Hushang Golshiri, arguably his magnum opus.

• JENJĀN

  Daniel T. Potts

  coll. Jenjun, “Jinjun,” village in western Fārs, small archeological site of the Achaemenid period. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JENKINSON, ANTHONY

  Stephan Schmuck

  (1529-1611), merchant and traveler. On 2 November 1562, he arrived in Qazvin, the seat of Shah Ṭahmāsp (r. 1524-76). But the shah did not wish to jeopardize his recently concluded peace with the Ottoman empire, so that Jenkinson was neither well received at court nor did he obtain the desired documents. In his writings, Jenkinson succinctly described his journeys to regions never before visited by English travelers.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JENN

  cross-reference

  See GENIE.

• JÉQUIER, GUSTAVE

  Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam

  During his five year residence in Persia, Jéquier sent home to his family many letters and accounts of his daily life in Persia and these were compiled and published posthumously as a volume entitled En Perse 1897-1902 by his son Michel Jéquier.

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• JERGA

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  an assembly or council of local adult men, among the settled and nomadic Pashtun tribal communities of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

• JERUSALEM AND IRAN

  Hagith Sivan

  Twice Jerusalem came under Persian rule, the first time in the sixth century BCE, the second during the westward expansion of the Sasanian state in the early seventh century CE.

• JESUITS IN SAFAVID PERSIA

  Rudi Matthee

  The Fathers of the Society of Jesus were the first European missionaries to enter the Persian Gulf in the 16th century. Their pioneer was the Dutchman Gaspar Barzaeus (Berze, 1515-53).

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• JEVDET PASHA

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (1823-1895), Ottoman writer, historian, jurist, and statesman.

• JEVDET, ʿABD-ALLĀH

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (1869-1932), Ottoman poet, writer, translator, and thinker.

• JEVRI, AHISKALI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (1805-1875), Ottoman poet and translator, a professional soldier.

• JEVRI, EBRĀHIM ČELEBI

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (d. 1654), Ottoman poet and calligrapher.

• JEWISH EXILARCHATE

  Jacob Neusner

  position of the head of the Jewish community in Babylonia in talmudic and medieval times, recognized in Sasanian times as an ethnarch, ruler of the ethnic group.

• JEWS OF IRAN

  cross-reference

  See JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES.