Table of Contents
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HADITH i. A GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Shahab Ahmed
Hadith literature is understood to be the repository of the sonna (normative conduct) of the Prophet, which is regarded as second in authority only to the Koran as a source of Divine truth.
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HADITH ii. IN SHIʿISM
A. Kazemi-Moussavi
The Twelver Shiʿite conception of Hadith is generally in line with that of the Sunnites as discussed in Section i. However, Hadith about the Imams are authoritative as well.
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HADITH iii. IN ISMAʿILISM
Ismail K. Poonawala
Ismaʿilis had neither a Hadith collection of their own nor a distinct Ismaʿili law before the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa in 297/909.
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HADITH iv. IN SUFISM
Hamid Algar
In keeping with all other categories of Islamic literature, the writings of the Sufis are replete with not only Koranic citations but also quotations of Hadith.
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HADITH v. AS INFLUENCED BY IRANIAN IDEAS AND PRACTICES
Shaul Shaked
The contact of Arabia with ancient Iran started even before Islam, and there are definite traces of the presence of Iranian religious notions in the Koran.
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HĀDŌXT NASK
Jean Kellens
(Book of scriptures), the sixth of the seven Gaθic (Gāsānīg) nasks of the Sasanian Avesta, according to the Dēnkard (8.45.1).
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HADRIAN
Ernst Badian
(Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor 117-38. He abandoned the Parthian War and the provinces east of the Euphrates that had been instituted by Trajan but never securely held. He permanently renounced any intervention in Armenia and Parthia.
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ḤĀʾERI, ʿABD-AL-KARIM YAZDI
Hamid Algar
(1859-1937), Shaikh, an influential “source of emulation” and founder of the institution of religious teaching and guidance in Qom. His literary legacy was relatively meager, the result of his preoccupation with administering the Ḥawza and teaching.
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HAFEZ
Multiple Authors
Celebrated Persian lyric poet (ca. 715-792/1315-1390).
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HAFEZ i. AN OVERVIEW
Ehsan Yarshater
Hafez is the most popular of Persian poets. Many of his lines have become proverbial sayings, and there are few who cannot recite some of his lyrics.