Table of Contents

  • ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-ʿASKARI

    cross-reference

    See ʿASKARI, ḤASAN B. ʿALI.

  • ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-QOMMI

    David Pingree

    ABU NAṢR, astrologer of the late 10th century.

  • ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB

    Wilferd Madelung

    eldest surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema, and second Imam of the Šiʿa after his father ʿAli.

  • ḤASAN B. MOHAMMAD NIŠĀBURI

    cross-reference

    See NIŠĀBURI, ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD.

  • ḤASAN B. MUSĀ NOWBAḴTI

    cross-reference

    See NOWBAḴTI, ḤASAN B. MUSĀ.

  • ḤASAN B. NUḤ B. YUSOF

    Ismail K. Poonawala

    a Mostaʿli Ṭayyebi Ismaʿili savant and the author of Ketāb al-azhār, a chrestomathy of Ismaʿili literature (d. 1533).

  • ḤASAN B.TIMURTAŠ B. ČUBĀN KUČAK

    Cross-Reference

    See CHOBANIDS.

  • ḤASAN BAṢRI

    Christopher Melchert

    (642-728), ABU SAʿID B. ABI’L-ḤASAN YASĀR, an important early Muslim preacher, theologian, jurist, Koran-reciter, and ascetic.

  • ḤASAN BEG RUMLU

    Sh. Quinn

    (b. 1530-31), author of Aḥsan al-tawāriḵ and a cavalryman (qurči) of the Rumlu Turkman tribe of qezelbāš during the reign of Shah Ṭahmāsb Ṣafawi.

  • ḤASAN BOZORG B. ḤOSAYN

    cross-reference

    See JALAYERIDS.

  • ḤASAN GĀNGU

    M. Shokoohy

    ʿALĀ ʿ-AL-DIN ḤASAN BAHMANŠĀH (r. 1347-57), a Khorasani adventurer at the court of Delhi.

  • ḤASAN II

    Farhad Daftary

    ʿALĀ ḎEKREHE’L-SALĀM, Nezāri Ismaʿili Imam and the fourth ruler of Alamut (1162-66). The most important event of his brief reign was his declaration of the qiāma (the Resurrection).

  • ḤASAN KHAN QĀJĀR SĀRI AṢLĀN

    cross-reference

    See SĀRI ASÂLĀN.

  • ḤASAN ṢABBĀḤ

    Farhad Daftary

    (1050s-1124), prominent Ismaʿili dāʿi  and founder of the medieval Nezāri Ismaʿili state.

  • ḤASAN ŠIRĀZI

    Hamid Algar

    (1814-1895), MIRZĀ MOḤAMMAD, often referred to as Mirzā-ye Širāzi, leading Shiʿite cleric chiefly renowned for the role he played in the celebrated Tobacco Boycott of 1892.

  • ḤASAN-ʿALI BEG BESṬĀMI

    Ernest Tucker

    one of Nāder Shah’s closest associates, who held the title moʿayyer al-mamālek or “chief assayer” and played an important advisory role throughout Nāder’s reign.

  • ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA

    cross-reference

    See ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA, ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ.

  • ḤASAN-E ḠAZNAVI

    Julie Scott Meisami

    (d. ca. 1161), SAYYED EMĀM AŠRAF ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNI, poet chiefly associated with the court of the Ghaznavid ruler Bahrāmšāh.

  • ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM

    Wilferd Madelung

    Zaydi scholar from Āmol in Ṭabarestān, who flourished in the first half of the 3rd/9th century and taught three Caspian Zaydi imams.

  • ḤASANLU TEPPE

    Robert H. Dyson, Jr

    archeological site in West Azerbaijan Province in northwest Persia, a short distance southwest of Lake Urmia (former Reżāʾiya). OVERVIEW of the entry: i. The site. ii. The golden bowl.

  • ḤASANLU TEPPE i. THE SITE

    Robert H. Dyson, Jr

    The Qadar River rises to the west in the Zagros on the Assyrian frontier near the ancient Urartian city of Musasir. Its eastern end drains into marshes north of the modern town of Mahābād, which lies northwest of the ancient country of Mannai.

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  • ḤASANLU TEPPE ii. THE GOLDEN BOWL

    Robert H. Dyson, Jr

    The “gold bowl of Ḥasanlu” was found in the debris of Burned Building I West on the Citadel Mound at Ḥasanlu in 1958. It had fallen into room 9 in the southeastern corner of the building.

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  • ḤASANVAND

    Pierre Oberling

    a Lor tribe of the Piškuh region in Lorestān. In the 1870s it numbered some 2,500 families distributed among 16 tiras.

  • ḤĀŠEM, RAḤIM

    Habib Borjian

    (1908,-1993), Tajik essayist, literary critic, and translator, who is considered to have been one of the founders of modern Tajik literature.

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  • HĀŠEMIDS

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀL-E HĀŠEM.

  • HASHISH

    Cross-Reference

    See BANG.

  • ḤASIBI, KĀẒEM

    Bagher Agheli and EIr

    (1906-1990), political figure and university professor. When the oil industry was nationalized in 1951, Ḥasibi, as Deputy Minister of Finance, became a member of the delegation charged with the eviction of the former oil company. He accompanied Dr. Moṣaddeq to the U.N. Security Council.

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  • HAŠT BEHEŠT (1)

    cross-reference

    See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.

  • HAŠT BEHEŠT (2)

    Michele Bernardini

    (lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.

  • HAŠTPAR

    Marcel Bazin

    city in the western part of Gilān Province, center of the šahrestān (sub-provincial district) of Ṭāleš (or Tāleš).

  • HAŠTPĀY

    Antonio Panaino

    name of a game from the Sasanian era which has not been precisely identified.

  • HAŠTRUD

    Z. Sadrolashrafi

    a sub-province (šahrestān) in the south of Azerbaijan, situated between lat 36°45’ and 37°24’ N,  long 46°25’ and 47°24’ E, some 134 km from Tabriz and 101 km from Miāna Sub-province.

  • HAŠTRUDI, MOḤSEN

    A. Shadi Tahvildar-Zadeh and Fariborz Majidi

    In Tehran, Mohsen Hastrudi was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Science of the Dānešsarā-ye ʿāli and became full professor in 1941. He was also appointed the Director of Tehran’s Department of Education, President of the University of Tabriz (1951), and the Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Tehran (1957).

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  • ḤĀTAMI, ʿALI

    Jamsheed Akrami

    (b. Tehran, 1944; d. Tehran, 1996), Iranian scriptwriter and film director. For all his interest in dealing with the characters and incidents shaping the political and social history of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, Ḥātami’s films are not particularly concerned with faithful representation and historical accuracy.

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  • HATAMTU

    Cross-Reference

    See ELAM.

  • HATARIA, MANEKJI LIMJI

    Firoze M. Kotwal, Jamsheed K. Choksy, Christopher J. Brunner, and Mahnaz Moazami

    (1813-1890), emissary of the Parsis of India to the Zoroastrians of Iran from 1854 to 1890. His forebears were among the Zoroastrian migrants from Safavid Persia to the major commercial port of Surat.

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  • HĀTEF, SAYYED AḤMAD EṢFAHĀNI

    Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā and EIr

    (d. 1783), an influential poet of the 18th century.

  • HĀTEFI, ʿABD-ALLĀH

    Michele Bernardini

    (d. Ḵargerd, 1521) Persian poet and nephew of ʿAbd-al-Rahmān Jāmi.

  • ḤĀTEM ṬĀʾI

    Mahmoud Omidsalar

    the epitome of generosity and munificence in Arabic and Persian anecdotal traditions.

  • ḤĀTEM-NĀMA

    Pegah Shahbaz

    a popular prose romance by an unknown author, consisting of the imaginary adventures of Ḥātem Ṭāʾi, the pre-Islamic Arab noble, renowned for his boundless generosity and graceful hospitality.

  • HATRA

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    (Ḥaṭrā; Ar. Ḥażr), a strongly fortified city in Upper Mesopotamia (today northern Iraq), situated at lat 35°40′ N, long 42°45′ E in the midst of the desert steppe of the northern Jazīra.

  • HAUG, MARTIN

    Almut Hintze

    (1827-1876) Oriental scholar and one of the founders of Iranian studies. His contributions to Old and Middle Iranian studies remained influential well into the twentieth century.

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  • HAUMAVARGĀ

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    a term distinguishing one of the three groups of Sakā tribes, Sakā haumavargā, in some of the lists of the peoples in the Achaemenid royal inscriptions.

  • HAURVATĀT

    cross-reference

    See HORDĀD; AMƎŠA SPƎNTA.

  • ḤĀWI, AL-

    Lutz Richter-Bernburg

    (i.e., al-Ketāb al-ḥāwi fi’l-ṭebb “Comprehensive book on medicine”), the title of a major Arabic work on medicine in twenty-five volumes by Abu Bakr Moḥammad.

  • HAWK

    Cross-Reference

    See BĀZ.

  • HAWRAMAN

    cross-reference

    See AVROMAN.

  • ḤAWZA-YE ʿELMIYA

    Cross-Reference

    See IRAQ xi. SHIʿITE SEMINARIES IN IRAQ.

  • HAXAMĀNIŠ

    cross-reference

    See ACHAEMENES.

  • ḤAYĀT-DĀWUDI

    Pierre Oberling

    a sedentary Lor tribe dwelling in the dehestān of Ḥayāt-dāwūd, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Māhur-e Mīlāti mountains, northwest of Bušehr.

  • HAYĀṬELA

    cross-reference

    See HEPHTHALITES.

  • HAYʾATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI

    Cross-Reference

    See JAMʿIYATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI.

  • ḤAYĀTI TABRIZI, QĀSEM BEG

    Kioumars Ghereghlou

    16th-century Persian historian, whose chronicle, Tāriḵ, spans the period between Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din Esḥāq Ardabili and Shah Esmāʿil I.

  • ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY

    Tahsin Yazici

    or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.

  • ḤAYDAR ʿALI EṢFAHĀNI, Ḥājji Mirzā

    Moojan Momen

    (b. Isfahan, ca. 1830; d. Haifa, 1920), Bahāʾi polemicist.

  • ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMU-OḠLI

    Alireza Sheikholeslami

    (1880-1921), revolutionary activist who used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th century. Forced to leave Persia in 1911, he was sent back by the Bolsheviks to settle the conflict between the Jangalis and the Communist Party of Persia in Gilān. 

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  • ḤAYDAR MIRZĀ ṢAFAVI

    Michel M. Mazzaoui

    Safavid prince who considered himself to be the chosen successor of his father, Shah Ṭahmāsb, but was killed immediately after the latter’s death on 14 May 1576.

  • ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI

    Kioumars Ghereghlou

    (ca. 1459-88), spiritual leader of the Ṣafaviya Sufi order and father of Shah Esmāʿil I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.

  • ḤAYDAR, Mir

    Cross-Reference

    See MANGHITS.

  • ḤAYDARI and NEʿMATI

    John R. Perry

    (also Amir-Ḥaydari; Neʿmat-Allāhi), mutually hostile urban moieties of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran.

  • HĀYEDA

    Erik Nakjavani

    (b. Tehran, 1942; d. San Jose, Calif., 1990), popular Persian singer. Hāyeda primarily distinguished herself by a naturally rich, operatic alto voice. For nearly two decades, she performed the āvāz and interpreted popular traditional and contemporary songs, all based on the modal system of traditional Persian music.

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  • ḤAYRAT, MOḤAMMAD ṢEDDIQ

    Habib Borjian

    (1878-1902) Tajik poet from Bukhar, literary scholars praise him as one of the best Persian poets of the late 19th century

  • HAYTON

    Peter Jackson

    an Armenian prince, lord of the city of Gorighos in Cilicia, and nephew of King Hetʿum I; he was exiled by his cousin King Hetʿum II and lived as a monk in Cyprus before moving to Poitiers in France, where in 1307 he composed a treatise commissioned by Pope Clement V outlining the conduct of a crusade.

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  • ḤAYYA ʿALĀ ḴAYR AL-ʿAMAL

    Meir M. Bar-Asher

    a religious formula, meaning “Come to the best of actions,” included in the call to prayer (aḏān) by all three major branches of Shiʿism, Twelvers, Zaydis and Ismaʿilis.

  • HAŽĀR

    Keith Hitchins

    pen name of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Šarafkandi (b. Mahābād, 1921; d. Tehran, 1991), Kurdish poet, philologist, and translator. A master of traditional Kurdish poetry, he infused the content of his poems with a new, uncompromising militancy. His language is simple and direct, close to the spoken form.

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  • HAZĀR AFSĀN

    Cross-Reference

    The Persian title of The Arabian Nights, the world-famous collection of tales. See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.

  • HAZĀR O YAK ŠAB

    cross-reference

    See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.

  • HAZĀRA

    Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer

    the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, after the Pashtuns and the Tājiks, who represent nearly a fifth of the total population. OVERVIEW of article: i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt, ii. History, iii. Ethnography and social organization, iv. Hazāragi dialect.

  • HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt

    Arash Khazeni

    Hazārajāt, the homeland of the Hazāras, lies in the central highlands of Afghanistan.  In some respects Hazārajāt denotes an ethnic and religious zone rather than a geographical one–that of Afghanistan’s Turko-Mongol Shiʿites.

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  • HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY

    Alessandro Monsutti

    Among the Hazāras themselves, three main theories exist: they are of Mongolian or Turko-Mongolian descent; they are the pre-Indo-European autochthones of the area; or they are of mixed race as a result of several waves of migration.

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  • HAZĀRA iii. Ethnography and social organization

    Alessandro Monsutti

    It would be misleading to present a fixed and definitive image of the main Hazāra tribes, as the affiliations are changing over time and the designations reflect the political situation.

  • HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect

    Charles M. Kieffer

    The number of hazāragi speakers is approximately 1.8 million. The Afghan hazāragi varieties of Persian are essentially very close to modern tājiki, or rather of modern dari Persian, or even kāboli Persian, but their typology still has to be fully defined.

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  • HAZĀRASPIDS

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    a local dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled in the Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia, essentially in Lorestān and the adjacent parts of Fārs, and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Il-khanid, Mozaffarid, and Timurid periods.

  • HAZĀRBED

    M. Rahim Shayegan

    or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.

  • HAZĀRSOTUN

    Gavin R. G. Hambly

    the palace-complex of Moḥammad b. Toḡloq (1325-1551) at Jahānpanāh (Delhi).

  • HAZELNUT

    H. Aʿlam

    (fandoq), the hard-shelled fruit of the shrub (or small tree) Corylus avellana L. (fam. Corylaceae), containing an edible kernel of high nutritious value.

  • ḤAZIN

    Jean During

    in Persian music, a small guša (melodic type) of the Persian classical model repertoire radif.

  • ḤAZIN LĀHIJI

    John R. Perry

    Persian poet and scholar (1692-1766), emblematic of the cultivated Shiʿite mirzā of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran who fled a politically dangerous and economically depressed milieu for the courts of Muslim India.

  • HAŽIR, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN

    Fakhreddin Azimi

    (1895-1949), Minister, Prime Minister, Court Minister. Hažir’s assassination was a result of religio-political sentiments, accentuated by his royalism, identification with the least popular policies and conduct of the court and government, and his image as a close ally of the British.

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  • HAZL

    cross-reference

    See HUMOR.

  • HEAD GEAR

    cross-reference

    See CLOTHING.

  • HEALTH IN PERSIA

    Multiple Authors

    OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Medieval period. iii. Qajar period. iv. Pahlavi period.

  • HEALTH IN PERSIA i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

    Philippe Gignoux

    Health and medicine are clearly defined in Pahlavi literature in the philosophical and moral tradition already taught by the fifth-century BCE Greek “father of medicine,” Hippocrates.

  • HEALTH IN PERSIA ii. MEDIEVAL PERIOD

    Cross-Reference

    See Supplement.

  • HEALTH IN PERSIA iii. QAJAR PERIOD

    Amir Arsalan Afkhami

    Under the Qajars a centralized public health policy was introduced for the first time in Persia.

  • HEALTH IN PERSIA iv. PAHLAVI PERIOD

    Cross-Reference

    See Supplement.

  • HEAVEN

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀSMĀN; ESCHATOLOGY.

  • HECATAEUS OF MILETUS

    Joseph Wiesehöfer

    a Greek author from the city of Miletus in Asia Minor (fl. between 560 and 418 BCE), author of a geographical survey of the regions and the peoples in the Achaemenid empire.

  • HECATOMPYLUS

    cross-reference

    See ŠAHR-E QUMIS.

  • HEDĀYAT AL-MOTAʿALLEMIN FI’L-ṬEBB

    Jalal Matini

    the complete title of the oldest extant treatise on medicine written in Persia, which is also commonly referred to simply as Ketāb-e Hedāyat.

  • HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA

    Manouchehr Kasheff, Amemeh Yousefzadeh

    (1864-1955), MEHDIQOLI, statesman, author, and musicologist.

  • HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA i. LIFE AND WORK

    Manouchehr Kasheff

    (1864-1955), statesman, author, and musicologist, whose political career include a role in the Constitutional Revolution, tenures as governor-general of Fārs and of Azerbaijan during World War I and its aftermath, and premiership in the early Pahlavi era.

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  • HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA ii. AS MUSICIAN

    Ameneh Yousefzadeh

    Apart from a book about musical theory, the Majmaʿ al-adwār (Tehran, 1938), we owe him one of the earliest complete notations of the repertoire of Persian music (radifs).

  • HEDĀYAT, REŻĀQOLI KHAN

    Paul E. Losensky

    Persian literary historian, administrator, and poet of the Qajar period (1800-1871).

  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ

    Multiple Authors

    (Hedāyat, Ṣādeq), the eminent fiction writer (1903-1951), who had a vast influence on the next generation of Persian writers.

  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ i. LIFE AND WORK

    Homa Katouzian and EIr

    Sadeq Hedayat was the youngest child of Hedā-yatqoli Khan Eʿteżād-al-Molk, the notable literary historian, the dean of the Military Academy.

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  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ ii. THEMES, PLOTS, AND TECHNIQUE IN HEDAYAT’S FICTION

    Michael Graig Hillmann

    Most of the short stories that Sadeq Hedayat wrote between the late 1920s and the mid-1930s are generally culture-specific, full of local color, and depict some aspects of Iranian life.

  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ iii. HEDĀYAT AND FOLKLORE STUDIES

    Ulrich Marzolph

    Hedayat is acknowledged as a major contributor in twentieth-century Iran to the growing awareness devoted to the collection and study of various aspects of everyday culture, particularly verbal art. 

  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ iv. TRANSLATIONS OF PAHLAVI TEXTS

    Touraj Daryaee

    Sadeq Hedayat traveled to India in 1936 and stayed for less than two years. In Bombay he began studying Middle Persian and some Pāzand with the Parsi scholar B. T.  Anklesaria.

  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ v. Hedayat in India

    Nadeem Akhtar

    Hedayat’s sojourn in India (1936) helped him add a new aspect to his works and provided him with the opportunity to study Middle Persian with the Parsi scholar Bahramgore Tahmuras Anklesaria. His story “Mihanparast” is apparently a reflection of his experience during the sea trip to India.

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