Table of Contents

• ḤALABI, ABU'L-ṢĀLEḤ

  Etan Kohlberg

  Taqi-al-Din b. Najm-al-Din b. ʿObayd-Allāh b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Moḥammad (b. 984-85, d. 1055), Imami jurist and theologian.

• ḤALABI, MAḤMUD

  Mahmoud Sadri

  (1900-1998), Shaikh, charismatic cleric and founder of the Ḥojjatiya Association whose primary objective was to meet the polemical challenge of the Bahai faith and the perceived danger of its aggressive missionary activity in Persia.

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• ḤALĀL O ḤARĀM

  Dana al-Sajdi

  a pair of Islamic legal terms: ḥalāl meaning permissible, and ḥarām meaning prohibited. Both terms occur in the Koran numerous times.

• ḤĀLAT, ABU’L-QĀSEM

  Hušang Etteḥād

  Ḥālat is considered by some observers to be the greatest contemporary Persian satirical poet. His enormous success and mastery of satirical prose and, especially, poetry have sometimes earned him the titles of Malek-al-šoʿarāʾ, Sayyed-al-šoʿarāʾ, and Amir-al-šoʿarā.

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• ḤĀLI, ALṬĀF ḤOSAYN

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• HALICARNASSUS

  Bruno Genito

  ancient town of Caria, near the present-day city of Bodrum in Turkey, once seat of a kingdom which was a tributary of Persia.

• HALIL RUD

  M. H. Ganji

  river in the Jiroft and Kahnuj districts of Kerman Province in southeastern Iran, which stretches a total length of 390 km.

• ḤALIM

  Etrat Elahi

  a traditional Persian breakfast dish for the winter, now served at lunch and dinner as well, made with lamb and wheat.

• ḤALIMI, LOṬF-ALLĀH

  Tahsin Yazici

  b. Abi Yusof, an Ottoman poet and lexicographer of Persian origin (d. 1516).

• ḤALLĀJ, ABU’L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN

  Jawid Mojaddedi

  b. Manṣur b. Maḥammā Bayżāwi (857-922), popularly referred to in Persian literature as “Manṣur-e Ḥallāj,” controversial Arabic-speaking mystic from Fārs, whose execution has been considered a major turning-point in the history of Islamic mysticism.

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• HALLOCK, RICHARD TREADWELL

  Charles E. Jones and Matthew W. Stolper

  (1906-1980), Elamitologist and Assyriologist, whose magnum opus, Persepolis Fortification Tablets, transformed the study of the languages and history of Achaemenid Persia.

• ḤALWĀ

  Etrat Elahi

  (Ar. ḥalwāʾ, Pers. ḥalwā “sweetmeat”), a generic term applied to various kinds of sweet dishes and fruits.

• HĄM.VAINTĪ

  Bernfried Schlerath

  Zoroastrian divinity “Victory,” only attested as a companion with Āxšti “Peace.”

• HAMADĀN

  Multiple Authors

  province, governorship, and city located in the Zagros region of western Persia.

• HAMADĀN i. GEOGRAPHY

  Parviz Aḏkāʾi and EIr

  Hamadān is one of the western provinces of Persia, situated to the southwest of Tehran between latitudes 33°59′ and 35°48′ N and longitudes 47°34′ and 49°36′ E. The city of Hamadān is located at an altitude of 1,645 m on the eastern slope of the Alvand massif. In the National Physical Plan (Ṭarḥ-e kālbodi-e melli), which divides the country into 10 regions, the province is identified as a part of the central Zagros sub-region.

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• HAMADĀN ii. POPULATION

  Habibollah Zanjani

  A part of the population of Hamadān consists of migrating tribes. According to the census definition most parts of these tribes are considered as rural population and only a small part as non-sedentary. Nevertheless, census data provide some information concerning their number, tribal name and other social characteristics.

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• HAMADĀN iii. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

  Xavier de Planhol

  The city of Hamadān lies at the extreme northwest of the series of major urban sites stretching along the line of contact between the Zagros range and the central plateau.

• HAMADĀN iv. URBAN PLAN

  Abdolhamid Eshragh

  Hamadān is the only city in Persia which has a star-shaped urban design, with six boulevards and a network of avenues autonomously branching out in various directions from the circular city center. 

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• HAMADĀN v. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

  See ECBATANA.

• HAMADĀN vi. HISTORY, ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Parviz Aḏkāʾi

  At the end of 23/643, Jarir conquered Hamadān and its surroundings again by force, and made peace with the populace on terms similar to those of the Nehāvand settlement.

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• HAMADĀN vii. MONUMENTS

  Ali Mousavi and EIr

  The city of Hamadān, besides its pre-Islamic remains, contains some important Islamic monuments. The most significant is the mausoleum called Gonbad-e ʿAlawiān, square and massive, almost entirely of baked brick. Its façade was once covered with opulent stucco decoration.

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• HAMADĀN viii. JEWISH COMMUNITY

  Houman Sarshar

  The relative religious freedom that existed in Persia at Yudḡān’s time had widespread effects on the Jewish communities,  in Hamadān in particular. Religious authorities of the two Talmudic schools in Iraq were able to better influence the Jewish communities of Persia, opening yeshivas in Hamadān.

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• HAMADĀN ix. JEWISH DIALECT

  Donald Stilo

  According to Ehsan Yarshater’s informants, the Jewish community had dwindled from around 13,000 souls in 1920 to less than 1,000 by 1969, and of these about half originated from the Jewish communities of Malāyer, Tuyserkān, and various points in Kurdistan. 

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• HAMADĀNI, ABU YAʿQUB YUSOF

  cross-reference

  See ABU YAʿQUB HAMADĀNI.

• HAMADĀNI, BADIʿ-AL-ZAMĀN

  cross-reference

  See BADIʿ-AL-ZAMĀN HAMADĀNI.

• HAMADĀNI, SAYYED ʿALI

  Parviz Aḏkāʾi

  b. Sayyed Šehāb-al-Din (1314-1384), Sufi author and preacher who undertook a celebrated mission to convert the people of Kashmir to Islam.

• HAMADĀNIĀN FACTORIES AND ENDOWMENTS

  Habib Borjian

  Established by ʿAli Hamadāniān (1907-63) and his brother Ḥosayn (1909-78), entrepreneurs and industrialists based in Isfahan, these include textile, cement, and sugar factories.

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• HAMAN

  Shaul Shaked

  the chief courtier of King Ahasuerus (Xerxes), according to the story of the Book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. He is portrayed as the villain of the narrative.

• HAMĀRAKARA

  Muhammad A.Dandamayev

  (*hmāra-kara-, lit. “account-maker”), “bookkeeper,” an Old Iranian title attested in various sources of Achaemenid and later times.

• HAMASPATHMAĒDAYA

  cross-reference

  See GĀHANBĀR; FRAWARDIGĀN.

• ḤAMĀVAND

  Pierre Oberling

  (from MOḤAMMADVAND), a Kurdish tribe of northeastern Iraq which has been described as “the most celebrated fighting tribe of southern Kurdistan.”

• ḤAMAYD

  Pierre Oberling

  an Arab tribe of Ḵuzestān. In the early 1900s, it dwelled mostly in the boluk of Ḥamayd, on the left bank of the Kārun river.

• HAMĀZŌR

  Mary Boyce and F. M. Kotwal

  a Zoroastrian Persian adjective “of the same strength” which occurs only in a formula of greeting, in ritual uses accompanied by the giving of hands.

• ḤAMD-ALLĀH MOSTAWFI

  Charles Melville

  historian and geographer of the Il-khanid period (1281-1344), author of Tāriḵ-e gozida, Ẓafar-nāma, and Nozhat al-qolub.

• ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ

  Wilferd Madelung

  b. al-Ašʿaṯ (d. 933), Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the Ismaʿili movement in Iraq.

• HAMDARD ISLAMICUS

  Ansar Zahid Khan

  English-language quarterly for Islamic Studies, founded in Pakistan in 1978. Published by the Hamdard Foundation of Pakistan.

• ḤĀMED BAL-ḴEŻR AL-ḴOJANDI

  David Pingree

  ABU MAḤMUD, mathematician and astronomer of the 10th century. His nesba suggests that he originated from Ḵojand in Ferḡāna.

• ḤĀMEDI EṢFAHĀNI

  Tahsin Yazici

  (or Ḥāmedi ʿAjam), a poet of Persian origin (1439-ca. 1485) at the court of the Ottoman Sultan Moḥammad Fāteḥ (Mehmed the Conquerer).

• HAMĒSTAGĀN

  Philippe Gignoux

  a word of uncertain etymology, used in Pahlavi literature to designate the intermediate stage between paradise and hell.

• HAMGAR, MAJD-AL-DIN

  Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā

  (1210-1287), MAJD-AL-DIN B. AḤMAD, known also as Ebn-e Hamgar (hamgar means “weaver”), an important poet of the 13th century.

• ḤAMID QALANDAR

  Khaliq Ahmad Nizami

  (d. 1366), author of Ḵayr al-majāles, the obiter dicta (malfuẓāt) of the Češti shaikh Naṣir-al-Din Maḥmud Čerāḡ-e Dehli, Ḥamid’s father,

• ḤAMID-AL-DIN ABU BAKR BALḴI

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• ḤAMID-AL-DIN KERMĀNI

  Farhad Daftary

  (d. after 1020-21), ABU’L-ḤASAN AḤMAD b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Moḥammad, a prominent Ismaʿili dāʿi and one of the most accomplished Ismaʿili theologians and philosophers of the Fatimid period.

• ḤAMIDI ŠIRĀZI

  Jafar Moayyad Shirazi

  Ḥamidi left Shiraz for Tehran in 1934 and enrolled in the Teachers College of Tehran University, where he received a B.A. degree in Persian Literature in 1937, graduating at the top of his class. He returned to Shiraz as a high school teacher, and a year later he published his first collection of poems, Šoku-fahā “Blossoms.”

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• HAMKALĀM

  Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal

  “of the same word, ” a Zoroastrian-Persian priestly technical term.

• ḤAMMĀM-E WAKĪL

  Karāmat-Allāh Afsar

  (bathhouse of the Wakil), a historic monument in Shiraz built by Karim Khan Zand “the Wakil” (r. 1751-79) after 1776.

• HAMMER-PURGSTALL, JOSEPH FREIHERR von

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  (1774-1856), prolific Austrian orientalist, among whose many works is the first ever complete translation of the Divān of Ḥāfeẓ into a Western language.

• HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE

  Eckart Ehlers, Gherardo Gnoli

  (or simply Hāmun), lit. “lake of the plain, lowland,” a lake covering the deepest part of the Sistān depression and the Sistān watershed.

• HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE i. GEOGRAPHY

  Eckart Ehlers

  The Sistān basin is the easternmost endorheic basin in Persia, draining a watershed 350,000 km2.

• HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE ii. IN LITERATURE AND MYTHOLOGY

  Gherardo Gnoli

  In the literature and mythology of ancient Persia, Lake Hāmun occupied, along with the Helmand Riiver, a position of particular importance, especially in Zoroastrian eschatology.

• ḤAMZA B. ĀḎARAK

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  or Atrak or ʿAbd-Allāh Abu Ḵozayma (d. 828), Kharijite rebel in Sistān and Khorasan during early ʿAbbasid times.

• HAMZA NİGARİ

  Tahsin Yazi

  (Ḥamza Negāri) Ḥāji Mir Ḥamza Efendi b. Mir Pāšā, Sufi and poet from Azerbaijan, who wrote in both Persian and Turkish (d. 1886).

• ḤAMZA-NĀMA

  William L. Hanaway, Jr., Frances W. Pritchett

  a popular prose romance transmitted orally and written down at a time unknown.

• ḤAMZA-NĀMA i. GENERAL

  William L. Hanaway, Jr.

  The hero of Ḥamza-nāma is Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb, whose adventures are thought to be a conflation of stories from eastern Persia about Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-Allāh the Kharijite (d. 797-8).

• ḤAMZA-NĀMA ii. In the Subcontinent

  Frances W. Pritchett

  The Indo-Persian romance tradition, extending from the medieval period to the early 20th century, produced prose works of considerable literary and cultural interest, chief among which were many versions of the Ḥamza romance.

• HANAFITE MAḎHAB

  Merlin Swartz

  a school of Sunni jurisprudence named after Abu Ḥanifa Noʿmān b. Ṯābet (699-767), an early Kufan jurist and theologian of Persian descent.

• HANBALITE MAḎHAB

  Merlin Swartz

  a school of Sunni law and theology named after Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (d. 855) which was founded largely under his influence in Baghdad.

• HANG-E AFRĀSIĀB

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  in the national epic, the cave in which Afrāsiāb, the fugitive king of Turān, spent his last days.

• HĀNIBĀL, ʿALI

  Ali Boloukbashi

  (1891-1966), Russian-born Persian scholar and founder of the first journal of anthropology (majalla-ye mardom-šenāsi) in Persia.

• HĀNSAVI

  S. H. Qasemi

  (1184/85-1260/61), Shaikh, mystic, poet, and author.

• HANWAY, JONAS

  Ernest Tucker

  (1712-86), an English merchant who traveled to Persia and wrote an account of the trip which provides an eyewitness view of northern Iran during Nāder Shah’s last years.

• ḤANẒALA BĀDḠISI

  François de Blois

  one of the earliest (possibly the earliest) Persian poets of whom we have any record.

• HAOMA

  Dieter Taillieu, Mary Boyce

  Avestan name for a plant and its divinity.

• HAOMA i. BOTANY

  Dieter Taillieu

  Haoma is the Avestan name for a plant and its divinity, Mid. Pers. hōm, Sogd. xwm, Pers. and other living Iranian languages hōm, hūm and related forms.

• HAOMA ii. THE RITUALS

  Mary Boyce

  Haoma yields the essential ingredient for the parahaoma, the consecrated liquid prepared during the main act of worship, the Yasna, and its extensions, the Visperad and Vendidad.

• ḤAQIQAT (1)

  Nasseredin Parvin

  (“truth”), title of six different Persian-language newspapers or periodicals, published at various times in Tehran, Rašt, Isfahan, Kabul, and Aarhus (Denmark).

• ḤAQIQAT (2)

  Habib Borjian

  (“truth,” apparently a rendering of Russian Pravda),  the title of several newspapers in Tajik Persian.

• HARĀ BƎRƎZAITĪ

  cross-reference

  See ALBORZ.

• HARAHUVATIŠ

  cross-reference

  See ARACHOSIA; ROḴAJ.

• HARAIVA

  cross-reference

  See HERAT i.

• HARĀSP

  cross-reference

  See ZAV.

• HARĀT

  cross-reference

  See HERĀT.

• HARAXVATIŠ

  cross-reference

  See ARACHOSIA; ROḴAJ.

• HARBURZ

  Cross-Reference

  In ancient Iranian tradition, the mountain at the middle of the earth’s surface; see  ALBORZ ii. Alborz in Myth and Legend.

   

• HARDINGE, ARTHUR

  Denis Wright

  (1859-1933), Sir, British diplomat, who worked assiduously and effectively to counter the influence of Russia and enhance that of Britain.

• HARDINGE, CHARLES

  Denis Wright

  (1858-1944), Lord, First Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, British diplomat.

• HAREM

  Multiple Authors

  (Ar. and Pers. ḥaram “sanctuary”), wives and other female associates in former aristocratic families and the secluded quarter of a house reserved for them.

• HAREM i. IN ANCIENT IRAN

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  There is no evidence for the practice among the early Iranians of taking large numbers of wives or concubines and keeping them in secluded quarters.

• HAREM ii. IN THE QAJAR PERIOD

  Anna Vanzan

  Women played an important role in the life of the Qajar monarchs. Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah and Nāṣer-al-Din Shah, in particular, kept a large harem.

• ḪARḪAR

  Inna Medvedskaya

  a land and a city at the western border of Media. It was taken several times by the Assyrian kings Shalmanaser III (r. 860-825 BCE) and Adad-nerari III (r. 812-782).

• HARI RUD

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• ḤARIRA

  Etrat Elahi

  a very light and diluted Persian dish made of fine wheat flour or wheat starch, or with rice flour or rice powder.

• HARISA

  Etrat Elahi

  a cooked dish made from a mixture of grains, usually half-ground wheat and barley, and meat, usually lamb and more recently sometimes beef.

• HARKARN DĀS KANBŌH

  S.H. Qasemi

  the first Hindu author of a Persian work, Eršād al-ṭālebin, commonly known as Enšāʾ-e Harkarn, a collection of documents and model letters.

• HARKI

  Pierre Oberling

  (Herki), a Kurdish tribe of western Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, and northeastern Iraq.

• HARP

  Bo Lawergren

  (čang), a string instrument which flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BCE, until the 17th century.

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• HARPAGOS

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

  a Median magnate and the trusted advisor of the last Median king Astyages, In 550 BCE, during the war between the Medes and Persians, Harpagosdefected to support Cyrus II.

• ḤARRĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  an ancient town of Upper Mesopotamia, now located in the modern Turkish province of Diyarbakir approximately 40 km/25 miles south-southeast of Edessa, or Urfa.

• HARRIMAN MISSION

  Fakhreddin Azimi

  The American diplomat W. Averell Harriman was sent to Tehran in July 1951 to mediate between Persia and Great Britain after Persian nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.

• HARTNER, WILLY

  A. Panaino

  (1905-1981), professor of the History of Sciences specializing in astronomy,  author of many works devoted to Oriental studies, including ancient Persian calendar systems.

• HĀRUN AL-MONAJJEM

  David Pingree

  (d. 987), astronomer, astrologer, and Hadith expert.

• HĀRUN AL-RAŠID

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (d. 809), HĀRUN B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABD-ALLĀH, the fifth caliph of the ʿAbbasid dynasty (r. 786-809), the third son of the caliph al-Mahdi.

• HĀRUN B. ALTUNTAŠ

  C. E. Bosworth

  son of a Turkish slave commander of Maḥmud of Ghazna who served as governor in Kᵛārazm 1032-35, first for the Ghaznavids, and then as an independent ruler.

• HĀRUN WELĀYAT

  cross-reference

  See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.

• HĀRUT and MĀRUT

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  two fallen angels who taught mankind magic in Babylon, mentioned once in the Koran. Their names derive from the Zoroastrian Ḵordād and Amurdād, two of the Aməša Spəntas.

• HARZANI

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• ḪARZIANU

  I. N. Medvedskaya

  a city and a district in Media, mentioned in the Assyrian texts of the time of Sargon II (r. 722–705 BCE).

• ḤASAB O NASAB

  Louise Marlow

  term used in Arabic and New Persian literature to express complementary aspects of the concept of nobility. 

• ḤASAN B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN

  Tahsin Yaziçi

  full name: ḤASAN B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN, ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ḴOʾI, 13th-century scribe, poet, and lexicographer from Azerbaijan.

• ḤASAN B. ʿABD-ALLĀH

  cross-reference

  B. AL-MARZOBĀN AL-SIRĀFI. See SIRĀFI, ABU SAʿID ḤASAN.