Table of Contents
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ḠALYĀN
Shahnaz Razpush and EIr
or QALYĀN (nargileh); a water pipe chiefly used in the Middle East and Central Asia for smoking tobacco. It is composed of several parts: the bādgīr (chimney); sar-e ḡālyān or sarpūš (the top bowl; sar-ḵāna in Afghanistan); tana (the body); mīlāb (the immersion pipe); ney-e pīč (hose); and kūza (the reservoir of water).
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ḠALZĪ
Cross-Reference
See ḠILZĪ.
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ḠAMĀM HAMADĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
See ḠEMĀM HAMADĀNĪ.
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GAMASĀB
Cross-Reference
See KARḴA RIVER, forthcoming online.
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GAMBRA
Cross-Reference
See BANDAR-e ʿABBĀS(Ī).
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GAMBRON
Cross-Reference
See BANDAR-e ʿABBĀS(Ī).
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GAMES
Cross-Reference
See BĀZĪ.
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GAN(N)ĀG MĒNŪG
Cross-Reference
See AHRIMAN.
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GANĀVA
Minu Yusofnezhad
county (šahrestān) and port city on the Persian Gulf in the province of Būšehr.
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GANDĀPŪR
M. Jamil Hanifi
one of two Šērānī Pashtun/Paxtun tribal segments (the other being the Baḵtīār), who claim origin in southwestern Afghanistan.
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GANDĀPŪR, ŠĒR MOḤAMMAD KHAN
M. Jamil Hanifi
b. Mehrdād Khan b. Āzād Khan, author of the Persian Tawārīḵ-e ḵoršīd-e jahān, an important chronicle containing genealogical accounts and tables of Pashtun/Paxtun tribal groups.
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GAṆDARƎBA
Antonio Panaino
(Mid. Pers. Gandarw/Gandarb), a term attested the Avesta as the name of a monster living in the lake Vourukaṧa.
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GANDHĀRA
Willem Vogelsang
(OPers. Gandāra), a province of the Persian empire under the Achaemenids. The name of Gandhāra or Gandhārī occurs in ancient Indian texts as the name of a people.
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GANDHĀRAN ART
B. A. Litvinsky
Iranian contribution and Iranian connections. The region of Gandhāra attained its peak of prosperity in the Kushan period (1st to 3rd centuries CE), when it became one of the strongholds of Buddhism.
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GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE
Richard Salomon
The language of ancient Gandhāra, the area around the Peshawar Valley in the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, lying near the border of the Indian and Iranian linguistic areas.
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GANDOM
Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin
“wheat,” both the plant and the grain. Wheat bread has been the staple of local diets throughout Iranian plateau for millennia. A very broad range of bread wheat varieties has traditionally been grown in the Iranian lands, especially in Afghanistan.
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GANDOMAK, TREATY OF
M. Jamil Hanifi
an agreement between Amir Moḥammad-Yaʿqub of Afghanistan (r. February to October 1879) and Major Pierre Louis Napolıon Cavagnari, representing the British Government of India.
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GĀNEMĪ
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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GANG DEŽ
Cross-Reference
See KANGDEŽ.
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ḠANĪ (article 1)
G. L. Tikku and EIr
Pen name of Mollā MOḤAMMAD-ṬĀHER KAŠMĪRĪ (1630-69), one of the most celebrated poets of Kashmir who wrote in the Indian Style (sabk-e hendī).