Table of Contents

• GANDĀPŪR, ŠĒR MOḤAMMAD KHAN

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  b. Mehrdād Khan b. Āzād Khan, author of the Persian Tawārīḵ-e ḵoršīd-e jahān, an important chronicle containing genealogical accounts and tables of Pashtun/Paxtun tribal groups.

• GAṆDARƎBA

  Antonio Panaino

  (Mid. Pers. Gandarw/Gandarb), a term attested the Avesta as the name of a monster living in the lake Vourukaṧa.

• GANDHĀRA

  Willem Vogelsang

  (OPers. Gandāra), a province of the Persian empire under the Achaemenids. The name of Gandhāra or Gandhārī occurs in ancient Indian texts as the name of a people.

• GANDHĀRAN ART

  B. A. Litvinsky

  Iranian contribution and Iranian connections. The region of Gandhāra attained its peak of prosperity in the Kushan period (1st to 3rd centuries CE), when it became one of the strongholds of Buddhism.

• GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE

  Richard Salomon

  The language of ancient Gandhāra, the area around the Peshawar Valley in the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, lying near the border of the Indian and Iranian linguistic areas.

• GANDOM

  Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin

  “wheat,”  both the plant and the grain. Wheat bread has been the staple of local diets throughout Iranian plateau for millennia. A very broad range of bread wheat varieties has traditionally been grown in the Iranian lands, especially in Afghanistan.

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• GANDOMAK, TREATY OF

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  an agreement between Amir Moḥammad-Yaʿqub of Afghanistan (r. February to October 1879) and Major Pierre Louis Napolıon Cavagnari, representing the British Government of India.

• GĀNEMĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• GANG DEŽ

  Cross-Reference

  See KANGDEŽ.

• ḠANĪ (article 1)

  G. L. Tikku and EIr

  Pen name of Mollā MOḤAMMAD-ṬĀHER KAŠMĪRĪ (1630-69), one of the most celebrated poets of Kashmir who wrote in the Indian Style (sabk-e hendī).

• ḠANI (article 2)

  Prashant Keshavmurthy

  Pen name of Mollā MOḤAMMAD-ṬĀHER KAŠMĪRĪ (1630-69). He practiced the “Speaking Anew” (tāza-guʾyi) stylistics of the ḡazal that had arisen across the Persian world in the early 1500s.

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• ḠANĪ, QĀSEM

  Abbas Milani

  Qasem Gani was a prolific writer and, during his many years abroad, corresponded with several eminent figures of the time. His diaries, notebooks, and letters have been compiled and edited in twelve volumes under the general supervision of his son, Cyrus Ghani.

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• ḠANĪMAT KONJĀHĪ

  Arif Naushahi

  Persian poet from the Indian subcontinent, famous for composing Nīrang-e ʿešq (d. ca 1713).

• ḠANĪZĀDA, MAḤMŪD

  Hassan Javadi

  b. Mīrzā Ḡanī Dīlmaqānī, liberal journalist, historian, and poet (1879-1936).

• GANJ-ʿALĪ KHAN

  Mohammad-Ebrahim Bastani Parizi

  a military leader and governor of Kermān, Sīstān, and Qandahār under Shah ʿAbbās I (996-1038/1588-1629). 

• GANJ-E ARŠADĪ

  S. H. Askari

  An Indo-Persian collection of sayings (malfūẓāt) of the Češtī saint of Jaunpour Aršad Badr-al-Ḥaqq (1047-1113/1637-1701).

• GANJ-E BĀDĀVARD

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  (the treasure brought by the wind), name of one of the eight treasures of the Sasanian Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 591-628 C.E.) according to most Persian sources.

• GANJ-E ŠAKAR, Farid-al-Din Masʿud

  Gerhard Böwering

  Popularly known as Bābā Farid, a major Shaikh of the Češtīya mystic order, born in the last quarter of the 6th/12th century in Kahtwāl near Moltān, Punjab.

• GANJ-E ŠĀYAGĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement

• GANJ-NĀMA

  Stuart C. Brown

  (lit. treasure book), location in a pass at an altitude of about 2,000 m across the Alvand Kūh leading westward to Tūyserkān, 12 km southwest of Hamadān.

• GANJA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (Ar. Janza), the Islamic name of a town in the early medieval Islamic province of Arrān (the classical Caucasian Albania, Armenian Alvankʿ).

• GANJA, TREATY OF

  Cross-Reference

  See NĀDER SHAH.

• GANJAFA

  Cross-Reference

  See CARD GAMES.

• GANJAʾĪ, REŻĀ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  Ganjaʾī owes his fame to his publication of the politico-satirical weekly Bābā Šamal in 1943-45 and 1947, which became one of the most popular satirical journals in the history of journalism in Persia. Thereafter, most of his colleagues, journalists, writers, and even public figures addressed him as “Bābā Šamal.”

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• GANJAK

  Cross-Reference

  See GANZAK.

• GANJĪNA-YE FONŪN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a biweekly magazine published in Tabrīz for a year (1903-04). It was the first scholarly Persian periodical published in Persia.

• GANZABARA

  Matthew W. Stolper

  (treasurer), title of provincial and sub-provincial financial administrators in the Achaemenid empire, extended to workers attached to Achaemenid treasuries.

• GANZAK

  Mary Boyce

  a town of Achaemenid foundation in Azerbaijan. The name means “treasury” and is a Median form (against Pers. gazn-), adopted in Persian administrative use.

• GAOTƎMA

  Bernfried Schlerath

  an Avestan proper name only attested in Yt. 13.16: “An eloquent man will be born, who makes his words heard in verbal contests, ... victorious over the defeated Gaotəma.”

• ḠĀR

  Ezzat O. Negahban

  (cave) and Stone Age cave dwellers in Iran. Caves and rock shelters were particularly attractive living places for the hunter gatherers of the early Paleolithic period. The geography of the Iranian Plateau with its bordering mountain system meant that there were many cave sites which would have been suitable for early cave dwelling man.

• GARAMAIOI

  Cross-Reference

  See BĒT GARMĒ.

• ḠARB-ZADEGĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• ḠARČESTĀN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  name of a region in early Islamic times, situated to the north of the upper Harīrūd and the Paropamisus range and on the head waters of the Moṟḡāb.

• GARCIN DE TASSY

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• GARDANE MISSION

  Jean Calmard

  (1807-9), a diplomatic and military project between France and Persia which represented Napoleon’s last attempt to realize his Oriental ambitions. From late 1795, Persia became part of French projects against British India. From the renewal of Franco-Ottoman relations (June 1802), he sought information on Persia.

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• GARDEN

  Multiple Authors

  referring to a garden estate, intended primarily for pleasure rather than permanent residence or production of crops, formally laid out, usually incorporating architectural elements, such as ornamental pools, gate-houses, and pavilions.

• GARDEN i. ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Mehrdad Fakour

  Since the first millenium B.C.E., the garden has been an integral part of Persian architecture, be it imperial or vernacular.

• GARDEN ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Lisa Golombek

  Donald Wilber’s study of the Persian garden remains the most comprehensive, to which should be added the articles by Ettinghausen and Pinder-Wilson in the proceedings of the Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the Islamic Garden.

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• GARDEN iii. INFLUENCE OF PERSIAN GARDENS IN INDIA

  Howard Crane

  Traces of Sultanate period gardens in the Persian style survive around Delhi in the citadel (Kōṭlā) of the Tughluqid Fīrūzšāh III (1351-88) and at Vasant Vihar (14th century). 

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• GARDEN iv. BOTANICAL GARDENS

  Borhan Riazi

  In Persia there are only three botanical gardens (bāḡ-e gīāh-šenāsī) in the exact scientific sense of this term.

• GARDEN v. In Persian Literature

  Cross-Reference

  See BĀḠ iii.

• GARDEN vi. IN PERSIAN ART

  Lisa Golombek

  For the decorative arts, the “garden carpet” is the quintessential re-creation of the garden, while paintings depict the garden as a setting for events. Vegetal motifs as ornament may be understood as generic allusions to the garden. In special circumstances, these allusions may be viewed as allusions to paradise themes.

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• GARDĪZ

  Daniel Balland

  (Gardēz), a city in the Solaymān Mountains of eastern Afghanistan, 122 km south of Kabul. The city is situated at 2,300 m above sea-level, in a large intramountainous depression watered by the upper course of the Rūd-e Gardīz.

• GARDĪZĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿABD-al-ḤAYY

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  b. Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd, Persian historian of the early 5th/11th century. He was clearly connected with the Ghaznavid court and administration and close to the sultans.

• GARDŌY

  Cross-Reference

  sister of Bahrām Čōbīn. See Bahrām VI Čōbīn.

• GARGAR RIVER

  Cross-Reference

  See KĀRŪN RIVER.

• GARLIC

  Etrat Elahi

  or allium sativum; a species in the onion family Alliaceae used as an ingredient in a variety of Persian dishes mainly as a condiment.

• GARMAPADA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of the fourth month (June-July) of the Old Persian calendar.

• GARMSĀR

  Bernard Hourcade

  a region (Qešlāq and Garmsār) in the province of Semnān situated beyond the Caspian Gates, known particularly as a stopover on the great road to Khorasan.

• GARMSĪR AND SARDSĪR

  Xavier de Planhol

  lit. "warm zones and cold zones"; two terms identifying regional entities that form a major geographical contrast deeply affecting the popular conscience in Persia.