Table of Contents
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GARŌDMĀN
William W. Malandra
the Pahlavi name for heaven and paradise.
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GARRETT COLLECTION
Kambiz Eslami
one of the finest collections of Near Eastern manuscripts, bequeathed to the Princeton University Library by Robert Garrett (1875-1961), a graduate and a trustee of the university.
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GARRŪS
Cross-Reference
See under KURDISTAN, forthcoming online.
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GARRŪSĪ
Cross-Reference
See KURDISH DIALECTS, forthcoming online.
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GARRŪSĪ, AMĪR NEẒĀM
Cross-Reference
See AMĪR NEẒĀM GARRŪSĪ.
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GARRŪSĪ, FAŻEL KHAN
Cross-Reference
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GARŠĀH
Cross-Reference
See GAYŌMART.
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GARŠĀSP
Cross-Reference
See KARŠĀSP.
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GARŠĀSP-NĀMA
François de Blois
or Karšāsp-nāma; a long heroic epic by Asadī Ṭūsī (d. 1072/73) completed, as the author says in the epilogue, in 1066, and dedicated to a ruler of Naḵjavān by the name of Abū Dolaf.
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GARSĒVAZ
Cross-Reference
See KARSĒVAZ.
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GAS, NATURAL
Cross-Reference
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ḠAṢB
Forthcoming
concept in Shiʿite law, meaning usurpation or unlawful seizure. See Supplement.
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GASTEIGER, ALBERT JOSEPH
HELMUT SLABY
In 1870, Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah decided to make a pilgrimage to Karbalāʾ, and Gasteiger repaired and partially rebuilt the road via Hamadān and Kermānšāh to the Turkish border and also rendered the road from Kangāvar via Qom to Tehran usable.
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GATE
Cross-Reference
See DARVĀZA.
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GATHAS
Multiple Authors
or GĀΘĀS; the core of the great Mazdayasnian liturgy, the Yasna, consisting of five gāθās, or modes of song (gā) that comprise seventeen songs composed in Old Avestan language, and arranged according to their five different syllabic meters.
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GATHAS i
Helmut Humbach
Each single song covers one chapter (Av. hāiti-, Phl. hā) of the Yasna.
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GATHAS ii
William W. Malandra
Of the entire corpus of the Avesta, the Gathas have been translated far more frequently than any of its other divisions.
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GAUB(A)RUVA
Rüdiger Schmitt
Old Persian personal name, spelled g-u-b-ru-u-v (DB IV 84 etc.) and reflected in Elamite Kam-bar-ma, Babylonian Gu-ba-ru(-ʾ) (DB etc.), Ku-bar-ra (DNc 1), Gu-ba(r)-ri, etc., Aramaic gwbrw (not gwbrwh, as restored in the past), Greek Gōbrýās, Gōbrýēs, and Latin Gobryas.
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GAUDEREAU, MARTIN
Jacqueline Calmard-Compas
(b. Langeais, 1663; d. Paris, 1743), French missionary priest (and later Abbé) who left valuable observations on Persia and played a part in Franco-Persian relations.
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GAUGAMELA
Ernst Badian
site of one of the greatest battles in history, resulting in the decisive victory of Alexander the Great over Darius III on 1 October 331 B.C.E.
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GAUMĀTA
Pierre Briant
according to the Bīsotūn inscriptions, the Magian pretender who seized the Achaemenid throne by claiming to be Bardiya (Smerdis), the son of Cyrus the Great.
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GĀV
Cross-Reference
See CATTLE.
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GĀV-ZABĀN
Hushang Aʿlam
lit. ”ox-tongue” (in reference to the rough, tongue-shaped leaves of the plant); the popular designation for several medicinal species of the borage family (Boraginaceae).
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GAVA
Cross-Reference
See SOGHDIA.
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GĀVĀHAN
Cross-Reference
See PLOW.
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ḠĀVĀL
Jean During
or daf; the most widespread percussion instrument in the Republic of Azerbaijan, played as much in artistic as in popular music and professional ensembles.
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GAVAN
Cross-Reference
plant of the genus Astragalus. See TRAGACANTH (pending).
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GĀVĀN GĪLĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
See MAḤMŪD GĪLĀNĪ.
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GAVAZN
Cross-Reference
See RED DEER.
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GĀVBAND
Amir Ismail Ajami
the owner of the oxen (gāv) in the traditional farming system of Persia.
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GĀVBĀRA
Cross-Reference
See DABUYIDS.
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GĀVBĀZĪ
Christian Bromberger
arranged fights between bulls. These now take place only in the Caspian provinces of Gīlān and Mazandarān. In the past, however, they were common throughout Persia and formed part of the entertainment in local festivities along with other games involving pitting animals and creatures of all kinds against each other.
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GĀVMĪŠ
Cross-Reference
buffalo. See CATTLE.
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GAVOR QALʿA
Cross-Reference
See GYAUR KALA.
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GĀW Ī ĒWDĀD
William W. Malandra
or ēwagdād; the name of the primordial Bovine in Zoroastrian mythology.
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ḠAWṮ KHAN, NAWWĀB MOḴTĀR-AL-MOLK
Cross-Reference
See NAWWĀB-E DAKHAN.
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ḠAWṮĪ, MOḤAMMAD
K. A. Nizami
b. Ḥasan b. Mūsā Šaṭṭārī MANDOVĪ (b. Mandu, 1554), author of Golzār-e-abrār, a Persian hagiography of Indian saints.
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ḠAYBA
Said Amir Arjomand
(Pers. ḡaybat) lit. "absence"; term used by the Shiʿites to refer to the occultation of the Hidden Imam.
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ḠĀYER KHAN
Peter Jackson
b. Tekeš (d. 1220), Turkish general of the Ḵᵛārazmšāh ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad.
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GAYḴĀTŪ KHAN
Peter Jackson
(1291-95) fifth Mongol Il-khan of Persia; his coins also bear the name Īrinjīn Dūrjī (Tibetan Rin-chen rDo-rje, lit. “Jewel Diamond”) bestowed upon him by Buddhist lamas.
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GAYŌMART
Mansour Shaki
or Gayūmarṯ, Kayūmarṯ; the sixth of the heptad in Mazdean myth of creation, the protoplast of man, and the first king in Iranian mythical history.
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GAYŌMARD (ARTICLE 2)
Carlo Cereti
in the Zoroastrian tradition, a primordial giant, the first man from whom mankind descends.
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GAYSĀTA
Hiroshi Kumamoto
the name of a town in Khotanese documents in the A. F. R. Hoernle, Mark Aurel Stein, Sven Hedin, and N. F. Petrovsky collections.
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GAZ (1)
B. Grami, M. R. Ghanoonparvar
common term in Persian for several species of the genera Tamarix (desert trees) and Astragalus (spiny shrubs of gavan); also the name of a confection made with the sweet exudate (gaz-angobīn) produced on Astragalus.
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GAZ (2)
Minu Yusofnezhad
or Jaz; a town in the province of Isfahan, of the šahrestān of Barḵᵛār and Mayma, situated 18 km north of the city of Isfahan at an altitude of 1,578 m above sea level.
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ḠAZĀ
Cross-Reference
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GAZA
Cross-Reference
See GANZAK.
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GAZACA
Cross-Reference
See GANZAK.
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ḠAŻĀʾERĪ
Etan Kohlberg
nesba of two Imami authors and traditionists (10th-11th centuries).
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ḠAŻĀʾERĪ RĀZĪ, ABŪ ZAYD MOḤAMMAD
François de Blois
or ḠAŻĀYERĪ RĀZĪ, b. ʿALĪ, Persian poet of the early 11th century.