Table of Contents

  • FATALISM

    Based on a longer article by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Zarrīnkūb

    in the Islamic period. The concept of fatalism as commonly used in Islamic philosophy and Persian literature denotes the belief in the pre-ordained Decree of God (qażā wa qadar), according to which whatever happens to human beings or in the whole universe has been pre-determined by the will and knowledge of the Almighty, and that no changes or transformations in it can be made through the agency of the human will.

  • FATĀWĪ-E ʿĀLAMGĪRĪ

    S. H. Qasemi

    abridged Persian translation by Qāżī Najm-al-Dīn Khan Kākorī of a six-volume Arabic work on Hanafite law (ed. Būlāq, 1859) considered the authoritative compendium of religious law, policy, and practice in India.

  • FATE

    Cross-Reference

    See BAḴT; FATALISM; FREE WILL.

  • FĀTEḤ, MOṢṬAFĀ

    Bāqer ʿĀqelī

    (b. Isfahan, 1896; d. London, 1978), a deputy director-general of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and banker.

  • FĀṬEMA

    Jean Calmard

    daughter of the Prophet Moḥammad.

  • FĀṬEMA-SOLṬĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See ANĪS-AL-DAWLA.

  • FĀṬEMĪ, ḤOSAYN

    Fakhreddin Azimi

    Fāṭemī protested against the government rigging of the elections for the Sixteenth Majles with Moṣaddeq, helped to mobilize support, and in October 1949 was one of a delegation selected to accompany Moṣaddeq in a sit-in (bast) at the royal palace protesting the conduct of the elections.

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  • FATḤ

    EIr

    b. ḴĀQĀN (d. 861), famous bibliophile, author, courtier, and official in ʿAbbasid times.

  • FATḤ JANG

    Mehrdad Shokoohy

    or Mīrzā Ebrāhīm (d. 1623-24), a Mughal official. 

  • FATḤ-ʿALĪ ĀḴŪNDZĀDA

    Cross-Reference

    See AḴŪNDZĀDA.

  • FATḤ-ʿALĪ KHAN AFŠAR ARAŠLŪ

    Cross-Reference

    See AFŠĀR.

  • FATḤ-ʿALĪ KHAN QĀJĀR

    ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN NAVĀʾĪ

    chief of the Ašāqa-bāš division of the Qajar tribes at Astarābād at the time of the demise of the Safavid dynasty.

  • FATḤ-ʿALĪ SHAH QĀJĀR

    Abbas Amanat

    (1769-1834), second ruler of the Qajar dynasty. He transformed a largely Turkic tribal khanship into a centralized and stable monarchy on the old imperial model which brought to the Guarded Domains of Persia (mamālek-e maḥrūsa-ye Īrān) a period of relative calm and prosperity, secured a state-religious symbiosis, and fostered a period of cultural and artistic revival.

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  • FATḤ-ALLĀH ŠĪRĀZĪ, SAYYED MĪR

    Sharif Husain Qasemi

    a famous sixteenth century Sufi, an official in Mughal India, and one of the most learned men of his time.

  • FATḤ-NĀMA

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    Arabic-Persian term used to denote proclamations and letters announcing victories in battle or the successful conclusion of military campaigns.

  • FATIMIDS

    Farhad Daftary

    relations with Persia. A major Ismaʿili Shiʿite dynasty, the Fatimids founded their own caliphate, in rivalry with the ʿAbbasids, and ruled over different parts of the Islamic world, from North Africa and Sicily to Palestine and Syria.

  • FATTĀḤĪ NĪŠĀBŪRĪ, MOḤAMMAD

    Tahsın Yazici

    b. Yaḥyā Sībak (d. 1448), Persian poet of the Timurid era, born in Nīšāpūr (hence his nesba Nīšābūrī) at an unknown date.

  • FATWĀ

    Hamid Algar

    the authoritative ruling of a religious scholar on questions of Islamic jurisprudence that are either dubious or obscure in nature or which have newly arisen without known precedent.

  • FAUNA i. FAUNA OF PERSIA

    Steven Anderson

    the assemblage of animal species, generally excluding domestic animals, living within a defined geographical area or ecological zone.

  • FAUNA ii, iii. FAUNA OF CENTRAL ASIA

    O. L. Kryzhanovskiĭ

    the assemblage of animal species, generally excluding domestic animals, living within a defined geographical area or ecological zone. OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Fauna of Persia. ii. Fauna of Afghanistan. iii. Fauna of Central Asia.

  • FAUSTUS

    James R. Russell

    fifth-century author of the Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ (History of the Armenians) or Buzandaran.

  • FAVA BEANS

    Cross-Reference

    See BĀQELĀ.

  • FAWZĪ MOSTĀRĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See FEVZİ MOSTĀRĪ.

  • FAWZĪ, MOḤAMMAD

    Cross-Reference

    See FEVZI EFENDI.

  • FAYYĀŻ LĀHĪJĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ LĀHĪJĪ.

  • FAYYĀŻ, ʿALĪ-AKBAR MAJĪDĪ

    Jalāl Matīnī

    Fayyāż remained an indefatigable scholar all his life, combining his profound knowledge of traditional Islamic sciences and Persian literature with modern methodology in scholarship and literary criticism.

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  • FAYŻ MOḤAMMAD KĀTEB

    R. D. McChesney and A. H. Tarzi

    Afghan court chronicler and secretary to the amir Ḥabīb–Allāh Khan (r. 1901-19).

  • FAYŻ-E KĀŠĀNĪ, MOLLĀ MOḤSEN-MOḤAMMAD

    Hamid Algar

    b. Šāh Mortażā b. Šāh Maḥmūd (b. 1598-9, d. 1679), prolific and versatile scholar of the Safavid period, celebrated chiefly for his Sufi inclinations.

  • FAYŻĀBĀD

    Daniel Balland

    a toponym of auspicious meaning (“blessed abode”) which enjoys great popularity throughout the Iranian world.

  • FAYŻĪ, ABU’L-FAYŻ

    Munibur Rahman

    (b. Agra, 1547; d. Lahore, 1595), Mughal court poet, also known as Fayżī Fayyāżī, who wrote mainly in Persian.

  • FAYŻĪ, ABU’L-QĀSEM

    Moojan Momen

    (1906-1980), Bahai teacher, missionary, and author.

  • FAŻĀʾEL-E BALḴ

    Arezou Azad

    13th-century local history from Balḵ in eastern Khorasan, with a collection of biographies of Balḵ’s early Islamic scholars and mystics. It differs from many other local histories of medieval Islamic cities in that it comprises a mix of historical, topographical, and prosopographical information.

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  • FĀŻEL KHAN GARRŪSĪ, MOḤAMMAD

    Īraj Afšār

    (1784-1843), poet, litterateur, and secretary during the reigns of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (1797-1834) and Moḥammad Shah Qājār (1834-48).

  • FĀŻEL MĀZANDARĀNĪ, MĪRZĀ ASAD-ALLĀH

    Moojan Momen

    (b. Bābol, 1881; d. Ḵorramšahr, 1957), Bahai scholar and missionary.

  • FĀŻEL TŪNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN

    Hūšang Etteḥād

    From the beginning of 1934, Mohammad-Hosayn taught Arabic language and literature and Islamic philosophy at the University of Tehran; he retired in 1958. He was known for his memory, his sense of humor, and his ability to form friendships with colleagues from different disciplines.

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  • FAZEL, JAVAD

    Ḥasan Mirʿābedini

    (1914-1961), noted serial writer, and a pioneering figure in simplifying and popularizing religious texts.

  • FAŻL NAYRĪZĪ

    David Pingree

    (fl. 900 C.E.), ABU’L ʿABBĀS b. Ḥātem, mathematician and astronomer. His family originated from Nayrīz/Nīrīz, a small town near Shiraz. Almost nothing is known of his personal life. 

  • FAŻL, b. AḤMAD ESFARĀʾENĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See ESFARĀʾENĪ, FAŻL B. AḤMAD.

  • FAŻL, b. Šāḏān NĪŠĀPŪRĪ AZDĪ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD

    Etan Kohlberg

    (d. 873), Imami traditionalist, theologian, and jurisprudent.

  • FAŻL, b. SAHL b. Zādānfarrūḵ

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    (d. 818), high official of the early ʿAbbasids and vizier to the caliph al-Maʾmūn (r. 813-33).

  • FAŻL-ALLĀH ḤORŪFĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See ASTARĀBĀDĪ, FAŻLALLĀH.

  • FAŻL-ALLĀH NŪRĪ, SHAIKH

    Cross-reference

    See NŪRĪ, FAŻL-ALLĀH.

  • FAŻLĪ NAMANGĀNĪ, ʿABD-AL-KARĪM

    Michael Zand

    (d. after 1822), Central Asian bilingual poet (Persian and Chaghatay), taḏkera compiler, and historian.

  • FAŻLĪ, MEḤMED

    Tahsın Yazici

    (b. Istanbul; d. Kütahya, 1563), Moḥammad or ʿAlī ÇAĞDAŞLAN; Turkish poet, known also as Qara Fażlī.

  • FAŻLŪYA DYNASTY

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀL-E FAŻLŪYA.

  • FAŻLŪYA, Amir ABU’L-ʿABBĀS FAŻL

    ʿAbd-Allāh Mardūḵ

    known also as Neẓām-al-Dīn Fażl-Allāh, chief of the Šabānkāra Kurds in Fārs during the 11th century.

  • FEDĀʾĪ

    Farhad Daftary

    or fedāwī; devotee, a person who offers his life for others or in the service of a particular cause.

  • FEDĀʾĪ ḴORĀSĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD

    Farhad Daftary

    b. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn b. Karbalāʾī Dāwūd (b. ca. 1850; d. 1923), foremost Persian Nezārī Ismaʿili author and poet of modern times, who is referred to as Ḥājī Āḵūnd in the Persian Nezārī community.

  • FEDĀʾĪĀN-E ESLĀM

    FARHAD KAZEMI

    a Shiʿite fundamentalist group with a strong activist political orientation founded in 1945 by a charismatic figure, Sayyed Mojtabā Mīrlawḥī (1923-55).

  • FEHİM SÜLEYMAN EFENDİ

    Tahsın Yazici

    or FAHĪM SOLAYMĀN (b. Istanbul, 1789; d. 1846), a Persian teacher and poet of Turkish origin.