Table of Contents
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ESMĀʿĪL
Cross-Reference
(ISHMAEL). See EBRĀHĪM.
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ESMĀʿĪL b. JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ
Farhad Daftary
the sixth Imam and the eponym of the Ismaʿilis.
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ESMĀʿĪL ḤAQQĪ BORSAVĪ
Tahsin Yazıcı
or Oskodārī, b. MOṢṬAFĀ, Shaikh Abu’l-Fedāʾ (b. Aydos 1652; d. Bursa, 1725), Turkish scholar, theologian, and mystic.
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ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ
Roger M. Savory, Ahmet T. Karamustafa
(1487-1524), SHAH ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR, founder of the Safavid dynasty whose decision, the promulgation of the Eṯnā-ʿašarī rite of Shiʿism to be the official religion of the state, had profound consequences for the subsequent history of Persia.
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ESMĀʿIL II
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(1537-1577), the third Safavid monarch, fought the Ottomans as the governor of Šervan and later was made the crown prince by Ṭahmāsp I and sent to Qazvin. His liaisons with male companions led to his demotion and imprisonment, until he took the throne with the backing of his supporters.
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ESMĀʿĪL III ṢAFAWĪ
John R. Perry
(r. 1750-73), ABŪ TORĀB, Safavid shadow-king, the third Safavid dynast of that name.
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ESMĀʿĪL ḴANDĀN
Cross-Reference
See ALTUNTĀŠ.
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ESMĀʿIL KHAN BURBUR
Dariush Borbor
(1800-1888), high ranking military official under the Qajars.
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ESMĀʿĪL KHAN QAŠQĀʾĪ
Cross-Reference
ṢAWLAT-AL-DAWLA, SARDĀR-E ʿAŠĀYER. See ṢAWLAT-AL-DAWLA.
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ESMĀʿĪL KHAN ṢĪMQO
Cross-Reference
or SEMĪTQŪ. See ṢĪMQO.
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ESMĀʿĪL ZĀDA, ḤOSAYN KHAN
Moḥammad-Taqī Masʿūdīya
(d. 1941), teacher and master player of the kamānča.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. ʿABBĀD, ṢĀḤEB
Cross-Reference
See ṢĀḤEB b. ʿABBĀD.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. Aḥmad b. Asad SĀMĀNĪ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM
C. Edmund Bosworth
(849-907), the first member of the Samanid dynasty to rule over all Transoxania and Farḡāna.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. Nūḥ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM MONTAṢER
Cross-Reference
(d. 1004), last Samanid amir.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. Rokn-al-Dīn Yaḥyā
Cross-Reference
See MAJD-AL-DĪN ESMĀʿĪL.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. Seboktegīn
C. Edmund Bosworth
Ghaznavid prince and briefly amir in Ḡazna in 997-98.
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ESMĀʿĪL, b. Yasār NESĀʾĪ
Kevin Lacey
an eighth century poet of Persian origin from Medina.
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ʿEṢMAT
Cross-Reference
See ČAHĀRDAH MAʿṢŪM.
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ʿEṢMAT BOḴĀRĪ, Ḵᵛāja ʿEṢMAT-ALLĀH
Ḏabīḥ-Allāh Ṣafā
b. Masʿūd Boḵārī (d. 1436), poet and scholar of the early Timurid period, known also for his expertise in mathematics, history, prosody, riddles, and mastery of enšāʾ.
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ESOTERIC SECTS
Cross-Reference
See BĀṬENĪYA; ḠOLĀT; ISMAʿILISM.
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ESPAHBOD, ALI-REZA
Hengameh Fouladvand
(1951-2007), painter and graphic designer who aimed to represent ideals of equality and justice; he was banned from exhibiting his paintings from 1991 to 2001.
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EŠPOḴTOR
Cross-Reference
See TSITSIANOV.
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ʿEŠQ
Cross-Reference
See LOVE.
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EŠQ O RŪḤ
Cross-Reference
See ḤOSN O RŪḤ.
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ʿEŠQ, shaikh ḡolām moḥyĪ-al-dĪn MOBTALĀ
Munibur Rahman
8th-19th century author writing in Persian and Urdu.
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EŠQĀBĀD
Cross-Reference
See ASHKABAD.
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ʿEŠQĪ BELGRĀMĪ, SHAH BARKAT-ALLĀH
Asifa Zamani
(1659?-1729), Indo-Persian poet and author.
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ʿEŠQĪ, MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ MĪRZĀDA
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak
(1894-1923), poet and journalist of the post-constitution era and an important contributor to the modernization of poetry in Persia. After he was assassinated by two gunmen, the Majles members of the minority party and other opponents of Prime Minister Reżā Khan quickly turned his funeral into an occasion for public protest against the rising tide of Reżā Khan's power.
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EŠQĪ, MOLLĀ BĀBOR
Jirí Bečka
b. Hedāyat-Allāh (1792-1863), Central Asian poet writing in Persian.
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ʿEŠQĪʿAẒĪMĀBĀDĪ, SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD WAJĪH-AL-DĪN
Munibur Rahman
18th-19th century poet and writer in Persian and Urdu.
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EŠRĀQ ḴĀVARĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD
Vahid Rafati
(b. Mašhad, 1902; d. Tehran, 1972), Bahai scholar, teacher, and author.
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EŠRĀQĪ SCHOOL
Cross-Reference
See ILLUMINATIONISM.
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ʿEŠRĪNĪYA
Cross-Reference
See BĪSTGĀNĪ.
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ESTAHBĀN
Mīnū Yūsof-nežād
town and district in Fārs, bordered in the north by the Baḵtagān lake, in the northeast and the east by Neyrīz/Nīrīz, in the south by Dārāb, in the southwest by Fasā, and in the west by Shiraz.
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EṢṬAḴR
A. D. H. Bivar, Mary Boyce
(ESTAḴR, STAḴR), city and district in ancient Persia (Fārs). It was presumably a suburb of the urban settlement once surrounding the Achaemenid royal residences, of which few traces survive. After the death of Seleucus I (280 B.C.), when the province began to re-assert its independence, its center seems to have developed at Eṣṭaḵr.
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ESTAḴR NEWSPAPER
Nassereddin Parvin
a newspaper published in Shiraz from 1918-1932 and 1942-1962.
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EṢṬAḴRĪ, ABŪ ESḤĀQ EBRĀHĪM
O. G. Bolshakov
b. Moḥammad Fāresī Karḵī, 10th-century Muslim traveler and geographer and founder of the genre of masālek (lit. “itineraries”) literature.
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EṢṬAḴRĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ḤASAN
Jeanette Wakin
b. Aḥmad b. Yazīd (858-939), Shafiʿite jurisconsult and author.
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ESTĀLEF
Daniel Balland
large Persian-speaking village of the Kōhdāman, 55 km north of Kabul, built on a foothill of the Paḡmān range of the Hindu Kush between 1,875 and 1,950 m above sea-level.
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ESTEʿĀRA
Julie S. Meisami
lit. "to borrow"; the general term for metaphor.
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ESTEBDĀD-E ṢAGĪR
Cross-Reference
"the lesser tyranny." See CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION.
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ESTEBṢĀR
Cross-Reference
See ṬŪSĪ, ABŪ JAʿFAR.
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EŠTEHĀRD
Mīnū Yūsof-nežād
a town and district (baḵš) in the province of Tehran.
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EŠTEHĀRDĪ
Gernot L. Windfuhr
the easternmost of the nine Southern Tati (Tātī) dialects and sharing with the others most phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features. These are part of a band of dialects extending from the Aras River to central Persia and farther east.
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ESTEḴĀRA
Cross-Reference
See DIVINATION.
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ESTEQLĀL
Nassereddin Parvin
newspaper published by the constitutionalists who had taken refuge in the Ottoman consulate in Tabrīz during the Russian occupation of the city in 1909.
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ESTEQLĀL-e ĪRĀN
Nassereddin Parvin
an evening daily published in Tehran from 31 May 1910-17 August 1911; it was the organ of the small Unity and Progress party (Ḥezb-e ettefāq o taraqqī) and was published by the party’s leader, the well-known constitutionalist Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn Mostaʿān-al-Molk
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ESTHER AND MORDECHAI
Amnon Netzer
a Jewish shrine in the city of Hamadān, where, according to Judeo-Persian tradition, Esther and Mordechai are buried.
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ESTHER, BOOK OF
Shaul Shaked
a short book of the Old Testament, written in Hebrew.
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ESTRĀBĀD
Cross-Reference
See ASTARĀBĀD.
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EʿTEDĀLĪ, ḤEZB-E
Cross-Reference
See EJTEMĀʿĪYŪN.
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EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA
Cross-Reference
lit. “Confidant of the State”; an important title given to people in the administration favored by the court.
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EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, ĀQĀ KHAN NŪRĪ
Abbas Amanat
(1807-1865), MĪRZĀ, prime minister (ṣadr-e aʿẓam) of Persia under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah Qajar; though relatively young when he took office, he represented the old school of Qajar statecraft.
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EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR
Cross-Reference
See EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR.
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EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, GĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD BEG TEHRĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
Gīāṯ-al-Dīn Moḥammad Tehrānī (d. 1622), prime minister of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and father of the emperor’s wife, Nūr Jahān. See GĪĀṮ BEG.
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EʿTEMĀD-AL-SALṬANA, MOḤAMMAD-ḤASAN KHAN MOQADDAM MARĀḠAʾĪ
Abbas Amanat
or ṢANĪʿ-AL-DAWLA (1843-1896), Qajar statesman, scholar, and author.
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EʿTEṢĀMĪ, MĪRZĀ YŪSOF KHAN ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, EʿTEṢĀM-AL-MOLK
Heshmat Moayyad
(b. Tabrīz, 1874; d. Tehran, 1938), Persian writer and journalist.
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EʿTEṢĀMĪ, PARVĪN
Heshmat Moayyad
Parvīn was only seven or eight years old when her poetic talent revealed itself. Encouraged by her father, she rendered into verse some literary pieces that her father had translated from Western sources. Her earliest known poems, eleven compositions printed in 1921-22 issues of her father’s monthly magazine, Bahār, display maturity of thought and craft.
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EʿTEŻĀD-AL-DAWLA
Cross-Reference
See SOLAYMĀN KHAN QĀJĀR QOVĀNLŪ.
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EʿTEŻĀD-AL-SALṬANA, ʿALĪQOLĪ MĪRZĀ
Abbas Amanat
(1822-1880), first minister of sciences (ʿolūm, meaning education) of the Qajar period and a scholar.
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ETHÉ, CARL HERMANN
J. T. P. de Bruijn
Initially Ethé worked as an assistant librarian at the Bodleian, on leave of absence from the University of Munich. In 1874 he abandoned his lectureship in Germany and settled down in Great Britain. The motivation for this move may have been political, at least in part, because Ethé is described as “a German radical, . . . a persona ingrata with absolutist governments”
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ETHICS
C.-H. de Fouchıcour
a body of practical moral doctrine was elaborated as part of the earliest development of Persian literature, at which time considerable reflection was devoted to topics ranging from morals to ethics, from the exhortation not to harm one’s fellow creature to the search for the meaning of life.
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ETHIOPIA
E. van Donzel
Ethiopia (OPers. Kuša-) was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid empire. The Ethiopians (OPers. Kušiyā; Gr. Aithí-opes “with [sun]burnt faces”) are named among the peoples of the Persian Empire and are included at the end of Herodotus’s satrapy list.
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ETHNOGRAPHY (Text)
Brian Spooner
the basic field research method in anthropology. Apart from ancient and medieval travelers such as Herodotus, Marco Polo and Clavijo, the record of close observation by foreigners in the Iranian region begins with the reports of travelers to the Safavid Court in the sixteenth century.
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ETHNOGRAPHY (Bibliography)
Brian Spooner
For cited works not given in detail, see “Short References.” Priority has been given to coverage of ethnographic data based on long-term participant observation, but other ethnographically significant sources are also listed, including some based on shorter works, some by travelers from before the emergence of professional ethnography, and some from scholars trained in related fields such as folklore, linguistics and cultural geography.
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ETIQUETTE
Nancy H. Dupree
(Pers. nazākat, ādāb-e moʿāšarat), defined as the observance of conventional decorum particularly among the elite, is itself part of the wider topic of adab.
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EṮNĀ-ʿAŠARĪYA
Cross-Reference
See SHIʿITE DOCTRINE; SHIʿITE DOCTRINE ii. Hierarchy in the Imamiyya.
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ʿEṬR
Cross-Reference
See ʿAṬR.
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ETTEFĀQ
Nassereddin Parvin
title of five Persian newspapers.
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ETTEFĀQ-E ESLĀM
Nassereddin Parvin
lit. “Islamic Solidarity"; a weekly government newspaper which began publication in Herat as of 24 August 1920; renamed Faryād in November 1922.
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ETTEFĀQ-E KĀRGARĀN
Nassereddin Parvin
a daily newspaper published by the striking print-workers union in Tehran in 1910, one of the first labor or socialist newspaper published in Persia.
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ETTEḤĀD
Nassereddin Parvin
title of eleven Persian language newspapers.
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ETTEHĀD-E ESLĀM
Cross-Reference
See KUČEK KHAN.
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ETTEHĀDĪYA, ŠERKAT-E
Mansoureh Ettehadiyeh Nezam-Mafi
an exchange company (ṣarrāfī) founded in Tabrīz in 1887 by the brothers Ḥājī ʿAlī and Ḥājī Mahdī Kūzakanānī in partnership with two local money changers, Sayed Mortażā and Ḥājī Loṭf-ʿAlī, and other Tabrīzī merchants.
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EṬṬELĀʿ
Nassereddin Parvin
title of a Persian newspaper and a magazine.
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EṬṬELĀʿĀT
Nasserddin Parvin
lit. “information, knowledge”; the oldest running Tehran afternoon daily newspaper and the oldest running Persian daily in the world. It was first published on 10 July 1926 as the organ of Markaz-e Eṭṭelāʿāt-e Īrān, the first Persian news agency.
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ETTINGHAUSEN, RICHARD
Priscilla P. Soucek
Although Ettinghausen’s official role at the Berlin Museum ended in early 1933 because of decrees issued by the National Socialist Party, he retained an admiration for the work of his former colleagues, epecially that of F. Sarre.
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EUCRATIDES
Paul Bernard
name of two Greco-Bactrian kings: (1) Eucratides I (r. 170-145 B.C.E.), one of the last and most powerful of the Greco-Bactrian kings and (2) Eucratides II, another Greco-Bactrian king, (r. 145-140 B.C.E.) known only through his coinage.
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EUGENIUS
Nicholas Sims-Williams
or MĀRAWGEN; legendary Christian saint traditionally credited with the introduction of Egyptian monasticism into Mesopotamia and Persia.
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EULAEUS RIVER
Cross-Reference
See KARḴEH.
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EUNUCHS
Multiple Authors
castrated males who were in charge of the concubines of royal harems, served in the daily life of the court, and sometimes carried out administrative functions.
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EUPHRATES
Samuel N. C. Lieu
together with the Tigris, historically and geographically constituting one of the most important river-systems in the Near East.
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EUROPE, PERSIAN IMAGE OF
Rudi Matthee
To Persians, as to other Muslim peoples, Europe was long synonymous with Christendom and was thus closely associated with Rūm, the realm of Byzantium or eastern Christianity.
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EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA
Philip Huyse
(260-339), Greek ecclesiastical historian and theologian.
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EUSTATHIUS, ACTS of
Nicholas Sims-Williams
Christian martyrological text, of which versions survive in many languages, including Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Armenian.
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EUTHYDEMUS
A. D. H. Bivar
name of two Greek kings of Bactria: (1) Euthydemus I (ca. 230-200 B.C.E.), considered the real founder of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and (2) Euthydemus II (ca. 190-185 B.C.E.), presumably the second son of Euthydemus I, or less probably eldest son of Demetrius I.
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EUTROPIUS
Samuel N. C. Lieu
Roman administrator and historian, probably from Bordeaux, who accompanied the emperor Julian the Apostate on his ill-fated Persian expedition in 363.
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EUTYCHIUS of Alexandria
Sidney H. Griffith and EIr
(877-940), Christian physician and historian whose Annales (written in Arabic and called Ketāb al-tārīḵ al-majmūʿ ʿalā’l-taḥqīq wa’l-taṣdīq or Naẓm al-jawhar) is a rich repository of much otherwise unobtainable information about the history of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, especially in the periods of Persian occupation in the seventh century and in Islamic times up to the early tenth century.
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EV-OḠLĪ family
Kathryn Babayan
(or Īv-ōḡlī), name of a family that served three Safavid kings (ʿAbbās I, Ṣafī, and ʿAbbās II) as ešīk-āqāsī-bāšī of the harem, for a period of twenty-seven years (1617-43).
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EV-OḠLĪ, ḤAYDAR BEG
K. Allin Luther
or Īv-ōḡlī, b. Abu’l-Qāsem, a court official of the later Safavid period.
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EVAGRIUS PONTICUS
Nicholas Sims-Williams
(346-399 C.E.), prolific author of Christian literature in Greek. After passing the first part of his career as a preacher in Constantinople, Evagrius took up abode in the Egyptian desert and became one of the most renowned of its many ascetics.
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EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF IRAN
Cross-Reference
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EVANGELION
Cross-Reference
“gospel” (Gk. euangélion). For the Manichean scripture of that name, see ANGALYŪN; MĀNĪ; MANICHEISM.
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EVIL
Etan Kohlberg
wickedness, harm, ill fortune.
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EVIL EYE
Cross-Reference
See ČAŠM-ZAḴM.
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EVIL MIND
Cross-Reference
See AKŌMAN.
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EVIL SPIRIT
Cross-Reference
See AHRIMAN.
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EVĪN PRISON
Forthcoming
See Supplement.
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EVOLUTION
based on a longer article by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn ZarrĪnkūb
(takāmol, taḥawwol), a family of ideas embodying the belief that the physical universe and living organisms have developed in a process of continuous change from a lower, simpler to a higher, more complex state.
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EWEN NĀMAG
Cross-Reference
See ĀʾĪN-NĀMA.