Table of Contents

• DRIYŌŠĀN JĀDAG-GŌW UD DĀDWAR

  Philippe Gignoux

  Middle Persian title of a Sasanian official, “intercessor and judge of the poor.”

• DṚNABĀJIŠ

  RÜDIGER SCHMITT

  name of the fifth month (July-August) of the Old Persian calendar, equivalent to Akkadian Ābu and Elamite Zillatam.

• DRŌN

  Jamsheed K. Choksy

  Zoroastrian ritual term originally meaning “sacred portion” and designating a ritual offering to divine beings.

• DRUGS

  ṢĀDEQ SAJJĀDĪ

  in medieval Muslim literature any vegetable, mineral, or animal substance that acts on the human body, whether as a medicament, a poison, or an antidote.

• DRUJ-

  Jean Kellens

  Avestan feminine noun defining the concept opposed to that of aṧa-.

• DRUMS

  Jean During

  large group of percussion instruments.

• DRUSTBED

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  chief physician in the Sasanian period.

• DRVĀSPĀ

  Jean Kellens

  or Drwāspā, Druuāspā, lit., “with solid horses”; Avestan goddess.

• DRYPETIS

  RÜDIGER SCHMITT

  (Gk. Drýpĕtis [Arrian] or Drypêtis [Diodorus]), daughter of Darius III Codomannus and younger sister of Stateira; in the collective wedding arranged by Alexander the Great at Susa in 324 B.C.E. she was given in marriage to Hephaestion.

• DU MANS, RAPHAEL

  Francis Richard

  (d. 1696), FATHER, author of important descriptions of Persia.

• ḎŪ QĀR

  Ella Landau-Tasseron

  watering place near Kūfa in Iraq where a battle was fought between Arab tribesmen and Persian forces in the early 7th century.

• ḎŪ-BAḤRAYN

  Sīrūs Šamīsā

  a term in Persian and Arabic prosody designating a poem that can be scanned according to two or more different meters (baḥr).

• DUALISM

  Gherardo Gnoli

  feature peculiar to Iranian religion in ancient and medieval times.

• DUBAI

  Sussan Siavoshi

  (Dobayy), second largest of the seven emirates constituting the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf.

• DUCHESNE-GUILLEMIN, JACQUES

  Pierre Lecoq

  (1910-2012), distinguished scholar of classical philology and Indo-Iranian studies.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• DUCK

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  technically any species of the family Anatidae but in Persian popular usage including similar waterfowl from other families, particularly some geese and grebes.

• DŪḠ

  M. R. Ghanoonparvar

  beverage made of yogurt and plain or carbonated water and often served chilled as a refreshing summer drink or with meals, especially with kebabs or čelow-kabāb.

• DŪḠ-E WAḤDAT

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  lit. “beverage of unity”; concoction made from adding hashish extract (jowhar-e ḥaīš) to diluted yogurt.

• DUGDŌW

  D. N. MacKenzie

  the name of Zoroaster’s mother, which appears in several different spellings in the Pahlavi texts, mostly more or less corrupted from an original attempt at representing the Avestan form.

• ḎU’L-AKTĀF

  Cross-Reference

  See Šāpur II.

• ḎU’L-FAQĀR

  Jean Calmard

  lit., “provided with notches, grooves, vertebrae”; the miraculous sword of Imam ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb, with two blades or points, which became a symbol of his courage on the battlefield.

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• ḎU’L-FAQĀR KHAN AFŠĀR

  J. R. PERRY

  governor (ḥākem) of Ḵamsa province (ca. 1763-80) under the Zand dynasty.

• ḎU’L-FAQĀR ŠĪRVĀNĪ

  Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī

  MALEK-AL-ŠOʿARĀ QEWĀM-AL-DĪN ḤOSAYN b. Ṣadr-al-Dīn ʿAlī (d. ca. 691/1291), Persian poet and panegyrist of the Il-khanid period. 

• ḎU’L-JANĀḤ

  Jean Calmard

  Imam Ḥosayn’s winged horse, known from popular literature and rituals.

• ḎU’L-LESĀNAYN

  Hamid Algar

  lit. “possessor of two tongues”; epithet often bestowed upon bilingual poets.

• ḎU’L-NŪN MEṢRĪ, ABU’L-FAYŻ ṮAWBĀN

  Gerhard Böwering

  b. Ebrāhīm (b. Aḵmīm in Upper Egypt, ca. 791, d. Jīza [Giza], between 859 and 862), early Sufi master.

• ḎU’L-QADR

  Pierre Oberling

  (arabicized form of Turk. Dulgadır), a Ḡozz tribe that became established mainly in southeastern Anatolia under the Saljuqs.

• DU’L-QARNAYN

  Cross-Reference

  See ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

• ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN

  Cross-Reference

  See FAŻL B. SAHL.

• ḎU’L-RĪĀSATAYN

  Hamid Algar

  (b. Shiraz, 1873, d. Tehran, 15 June 1953), for thirty years qoṭb (leader) of a principal branch of the Neʿmatallāhī Sufi order. 

• ḎU’L-ŠAHĀDATAYN

  Cross-Reference

  See AŠRAF ḠAZNAVĪ.

• DULAFIDS

  Cross-Reference

  See DOLAFIDS.

• DUMAQU

  Gerd Gropp

  or Domoko; administrative center of the eastern region of the Khotan oasis in Chinese Turkestan.

• DUMÉZIL, Georges

  Bruce Lincoln

   (1898-1986), French comparatist philologist and religious studies scholar. Among the most significant later modifications in Dumézil's views was his decision to abandon the claim that Indo-European society was originally divided into three functional groupings.

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• DUNG

  Willem Floor

  human and animal excrement, widely used in Persia and Afghanistan for fuel and fertilizer.

• DUNHUANG

  Multiple Authors

  an oasis town situated in the northwest of the Chinese province of Gansu, famous for the nearby Mogao Caves.

• DUNHUANG i. The cave sites; Manichean texts

  Gunner Mikkelsen

  The Mogao Caves are located some 25 km from Dunhuang at the edge of the Dunes of the Singing Sands (Mingshashan) of the Gobi desert. These contain over 45,000 square meters of predominantly Buddhist murals and more than 2,000 Buddhist painted stucco sculptures.

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• DUNHUANG ii. Buddhist and Other Texts in Iranian Languages

  Yutaka Yoshida

  The library cave in Dunhuang has yielded a number of texts of the 8th to 10th centuries in two Middle Iranian languages, Khotanese and Sogdian.

• DŪNQEŠLĀQ

  Klaus Fischer

  or Dong Qešlaq; group of pre-Islamic and Islamic archeological sites on the Emām Ṣāḥeb plain in the Qondūz province of Afghanistan, about 10 km south of the Oxus.

• DUPREE, LOUIS

  David B. Edwards

  Following the completion of his Ph.D. degree, Dupree taught at the Air University at Maxwell Air Force Base and Pennsylvania State University. Between 1959 and 1983 he was affiliated with the American Universities Field Staff (A.U.F.S.) as its expert on Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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• DURA EUROPOS

  Pierre Leriche, D. N. MacKenzie

  ruined city on the right bank of the Euphrates between Antioch and Seleucia on the Tigris, founded in 303 BCE by Nicanor, a general of Seleucus I. Its military function of the Greek period was abandoned under the Parthians, but at that time it was an administrative and economic center.

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• DURAND, HENRY MORTIMER

  Rose L. Greaves

  (b. Sehore, Bhopal State, India, 14 February 1850, d. Polden, Somerset, England, 8 June 1924), British diplomat and envoy to Tehran at the end of the 19th century.

• DŪRAOŠA

  Jean Kellens

  Avestan word, attested once in the Older Avesta, in the Younger Avesta the preferred and exclusive epithet of haoma, the ritual liquid.

• DŪRĀSRAW

  D. N. MacKenzie

  according to the Pahlavi tradition the name of two legendary personages in the history of Zoroastrianism.

• DURIS OF SAMOS

  RÜDIGER SCHMITT

  (Gk. Doûris), (ca. 340-281/270 B.C.E.), Greek historiographer of the early Hellenistic period.

• DŪRMEŠ, KHAN

  Roger M. Savory

  or Dormeš; b. ʿAbdī Beg TAVĀČĪ ŠĀMLŪ, powerful Qezelbāš amir, brother-in-law and confidant of Shah Esmāʿīl I.

• DŪRNEMĀ-YE ĪRĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  weekly of politics and culture edited and published by the Persian writer, scholar, and filmmaker ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Sepantā in Bombay from 30 November 1928 to March 1929.

• DÜRRI EFENDI, AḤMAD

  Tahsin Yazici

  (or Dorrī Afandī; (b. Van, date unknown, d. Istanbul, 1722), Ottoman poet, civil servant, and diplomat who served as ambassador to Tehran and wrote Sefārat-nāma, the first Turkish account of Safavid Persia.

• DUSHANBE

  Muriel Atkin

  capital and most populous city of Tajikistan.

• DŪST MOḤAMMAD KHAN BĀRAKZĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN.