Table of Contents

  • BRETON, LE

    Cross-Reference

    See LE BRETON.

  • BRICK

    Guitty Azarpay

    blocks of tempered mud, either sun-dried (ḵešt) or baked in a kiln (ājor), the traditional building material in most of Iran. It has customarily been made from a mixture of water-soaked earth (gel-čāl), straw, and chaff.

  • BRICKS AND CERAMICS INDUSTRY

    Willem Floor

    Traditional brick-kilns  are still found all over the country.  A European established the first modern brick-kiln around 1905. However, it was only in 1935 that a German engineer constructed the so-called “Hoffman brick-kiln,” with its characteristic high chimney, in south Tehran.

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  • BRIDGES

    Dietrich Huff, Wolfram Kleiss

    (Pers. pol, Mid. Pers. pohl, Av. pərətu-). i. Pre-Islamic bridges. ii. Bridges in the Islamic period. Bridges may have existed in the Iranian highlands as monuments of vernacular architecture since prehistoric times.

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  • BRITAIN

    cross-reference

    See ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS; GREAT BRITAIN.

  • BRỊTʾIATỊ (COPANỊ FỊRT) ELBỊZDỊQO

    Fridrik Thordarson

    (Russian: Elbyzdyko Britaev), playwright regarded as the founder of Ossetic drama(1881-1923). His first plays (two short comedies) were published in 1905.

  • BRITISH COUNCIL

    EIr

    The first British Council representative was appointed to Iran in 1942. The priority was English language teaching, and by 1944 the Council was teaching over 4,000 students.

  • BRITISH MUSEUM and BRITISH LIBRARY

    Cross-Reference

    See Supplement.

  • BRITISH PETROLEUM

    cross-reference

    See ANGLO-PERSIAN OIL COMPANY.

  • BROACH

    cross-reference

    See BHARUCHAS.

  • BROAD BEANS

    Cross-Reference

    See BĀQELĀ.

  • BROADBEAN

    cross-reference

    See BĀQELĀ.

  • BROCHT

    cross-reference

    See QEŠM.

  • BROCKELMANN, CARL

    Rudolph Sellheim

    German orientalist (1868-1956). During a long and serene life as a scholar Brock­elmann produced a wealth of fundamental publications. His monumental output represents the unity of Oriental studies in his time.

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  • BRONZE

    Multiple Authors

    an alloy of two metals, copper and tin. When tin is alloyed with copper, it decreases the temperature at which the two metals will melt, increases fluidity during casting, and acts as a deoxidant. Although copper deposits occur with reasonable frequency throughout the highland zones of south­western, sources of tin are far less common.

  • BRONZE i. In pre-Islamic Iran

    Vincent C. Pigott

    Current understanding of early developments in copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau is based largely on archeological excavations and archeometallurgical field surveys conducted by a number of scholars. 

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  • BRONZE ii. In Islamic Iran

    James W. Allan

    The most common copper alloys in use in Iran were brass and a quaternary alloy of copper, lead, zinc, and tin. As for bronze, two alloys should be differentiated: low-tin bronze, with a tin content of 10 percent or less, and high-tin bronze, with a tin content of about 20 percent.

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  • BRONZE AGE

    Robert H. Dyson, Jr., and Mary M. Voigt

    in Iranian archeology a term used informally for the period from the rise of trading towns in Iran, ca. 3400-3300 B.C., to the beginning of the Iron Age, ca. 1400-1300 B.C. It has long since lost any precise meaning in relation to technology.

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  • BRONZES OF LURISTAN

    Oscar White Muscarella

    The British Museum had acquired the first of its Luristan bronzes in 1854, followed by others in 1885, 1900, 1914, and 1920. Until the late 1920s such objects continued to appear sporadi­cally, but mass plundering of Luristan tombs seems to have begun in that decade.

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  • BROWNE, EDWARD GRANVILLE

    G. Michael Wickens, Juan Cole, Kamran Ekbal

    eminent British Iranologist (1862-1926). i. Browne’s life and academic career. ii. Browne on Babism and Bahaism. iii. Browne and the Persian Constitutional movement.