Table of Contents
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BĀQER KHAN SĀLĀR-E MELLI
A. Amanat
one of the popular heroes of the Constitutional Revolution during the defense of Tabrīz in the period of the Lesser Autocracy (June, 1908-July, 1909).
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BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD
W. Madelung
The fifth imam of the Twelver Shiʿites (7th-8th century).
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BĀQĪBELLĀH NAQŠBANDĪ
J. G. J. Ter Haar
(d. 1603), ḴᵛĀJA ABU’L-MOʾAYYAD RAŻĪ-AL-DĪN OWAYSĪ; As a Naqšbandi, he represents the sober type of Sufi, adhering to the Islamic law (šarīʿa) and averse to ecstatic mystical experiences.
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BĀQLAVĀ
W. Eilers, N. Ramazani
i. The word. ii. The sweet. Bāqlavā is a sweet pastry known throughout the Middle East, in Iran commonly made with almonds (bādām), less frequently with pistachios (pesta).
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BAQLĪ, RŪZBEHĀN
cross-reference
SHAIKH. See RŪZBEHĀN.
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BAQQĀL-BĀZĪ
F. Gaffary
(lit. grocer play), a form of improvised, popular slapstick comedy; it is distinguished among the various forms of popular comedy in Iran by its own set of rules.
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BĀR
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh, Ḥ. Farhūdī
“audience.” The royal audience was one of the most important and enduring of the court ceremonies practiced in Iran. i. From the Achaemenid through the Safavid period. ii. The Qajar and Pahlavi periods.
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BAR HEBRAEUS
Cross-Reference
(b. Malaṭīa, 1225; d. Marāḡa, 1286), Syriac historian and polymath. See EBN AL-ʿEBRĪ, ABU’L-FARAJ.
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BAR KŌNAY, THEODORE
J. P. Asmussen
8th-9th-century Nestorian teacher and writer from Kaškar in Mesopotamia. His The Book of Scholiais notable for its sections on Zarathustra and Mani.
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BAR-E MEHR
cross-reference
a fire temple in Yazd. See DAR-E MEHR.
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BARĀDŪST
A. Hassanpour
name of a Kurdish tribe, region, mountain range, river, and amirate. The tribespeople, mostly settled now, are Shafeʿite Sunnis and speak the Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish mixed with the neighboring Sorani dialects.
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BARAḠĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD-TAQĪ
D. M. MacEoin
QAZVĪNĪ, ŠAHĪD-E ṮĀLEṮ, MOLLĀ, an important Shiʿite ʿālem of Qazvīn (d. 1847).
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BARAK
T. Bīneš
a kind of firm and durable woven cloth used for coats, overcoats (labbāda), shawls (in Afghanistan), čūḵas (surcoats for shepherds) and leggings.
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BARAKĪ BARAK
C. M. Kieffer
locality in the province of Lōgar, Afghanistan, the abode of the country’s last Ōrmuṛī speakers.
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BĀRAKZAY DYNASTY
cross-reference
See AFGHANISTAN x. Political History ; and DORRĀNĪ.
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BĀRAKZĪ
D. Balland
(singular Bārakzay), an ethnic name common among the Pashtun of Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Baluch of southeastern Iran. The oldest settlement area is between Herat and the approaches to the Helmand valley.
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BARĀMEKA
Cross-Reference
See BARMAKIDS.
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BĀRĀN
D. Balland
It is interesting to note that in modern Iranian languages violent and dangerous rainfall events are often designated by borrowings from Arabic (ṭūfān for typhoon, barq for lightning, raʿd for thunder, sayl for sudden deluge), whereas for phenomena considered beneficial a terminology of Iranian origin has been preserved.
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BARANĪ, ŻĪĀʾ-AL-DĪN
P. Hardy
Indian-born Muslim historian who wrote in the period of the Delhi sultanate (ca. 1285-1357).
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BARĀQ BĀBĀ
H. Algar
(b. 1257-58, d. 1307-08), a crypto-shamanic Anatolian Turkman dervish close to two of the Mongol rulers of Iran.