Table of Contents

  • BOLOD

    Bertold Spuler

    CHʿENG-HSIANG (Pers. Pūlād Čīnksāng; d. 1313), the representative of the Great Khan Qubilai at the court of the Il-khans of Iran.

  • BOLOḠĀN ḴĀTŪN

    Charles Melville

    (Būlūḡān Ḵātūn), the name of three of the royal wives of the Mongol Il-khans in Iran. Of Mongol origin, the word Boloḡān, variously spelled in the Persian sources, means “sable.”

  • BOLŪḠ

    cross-reference

    See BĀLEḠ.

  • BOLŪR

    cross-reference

    (Ar. ballūr, bellawr) “rock crystal.” See CRYSTAL.

  • BOMBAY

    John R. Hinnells, Momin Mohiuddin and Ismail K. Poonawala

    Persian communities of Bombay.

  • BOMBAY PARSI PANCHAYAT

    John R. Hinnells

    the largest Zoroastrian institution in modern history, originally founded in the 17th century in order to maintain Zoroastrian family and social values at a time of dramatic change, when Parsis were migrating from rural Gujarat to cosmopolitan Bombay.

  • BONDĀR RĀZĪ

    Zabihollah Safa

    (or Pendār), poet in the 10th-11th centuries, named as the author of a small number of surviving poems, some in literary (Darī) Persian, others in his local dialect.

  • BONDĀRĪ, FATḤ B. ʿALĪ

    Cross-Reference

    b. Moḥammad EṢFAHĀNĪ. See SUPPLEMENT.

  • BONGĀH-E ḤEMĀYAT-E MĀDARĀN O KŪDAKĀN

    EIr

    (Institute for the protection of mothers and infants), founded 16 December 1940 on the order of Reżā Shah, originally funded by charitable contributions.

  • BONGĀH-E MOSTAQELL-E ĀBYĀRĪ

    EIr

    (Inde­pendent irrigation agency), established by the Majles on 19 May 1943 to improve irrigation in Iran.

  • BONGĀH-E TARJOMA WA NAŠR-E KETĀB

    Edward Joseph

    “The [Royal] Institute for Translation and Publication,” founded 1953, since 1986 called the Scientific and Cultural Publication Company (Šerkat-e Entešārāt-e ʿElmī wa Farhangī).

  • BONĪČA

    Willem Floor

    a tax assessed on a group as a single unit and particularly the base on which the tax was calculated—in Iran: a tax on guilds, an agricultural tax on villages and tribes, and a military tax on villages.

  • BONYĀD-E FARHANG-E ĪRĀN

    Aḥmad Tafażżolī

    The "Iranian Culture Foundation" was established 16 September 1964.

  • BONYĀD-E MOSTAŻʿAFĀN

    cross-reference

    See MOSTAZ­AFAN FOUNDATION.

  • BONYĀD-E PAHLAVĪ

    cross-reference

    See PAHLAVI FOUNDATION.

  • BONYĀD-E ŠĀH-NĀMA-YE FERDOWSĪ

    Aḥmad Tafażżolī

    a research institute, 1971-78,  intended for preparation of a new critical edition of the Šāh-nāma.

  • BONYĀD-E ŠAHĪD

    EIr

    The Bonyād officially started work on 9 April 1980. A decision taken by the Revolutionary Council on 13 June 1980 attached the Martyrs’ Foundation to the National Health Organization (Sāzmān-e Behzīstī-e Keš­var), itself administered under the supervision of the prime minister.

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  • BOOK OF ZAMBASTA

    Ronald E. Emmerick

    a Khotanese poem on Buddhism. It is the longest indigenous literary compo­sition in the Khotanese language and played a crucial role in the decipherment of the Khotanese language.

  • BOOKBINDING (article 1)

    Duncan Haldane

    (tajlīd, ṣaḥḥāfī) in Iran at first followed the pattern of previous Near Eastern book covers, but subsequently Persian craftsmen developed new types.

  • BOOKBINDING (article 2)

    Iraj Afshar

    (ṣaḥḥāfi, jeld-sāzi), the traditional craft of binding new books and decorating the cover with embossed or painted designs, or of repairing worn out volumes by restoring their cover.

  • BOQʿA

    Hamid Algar

    the mausoleum of a sacred or revered personage, sometimes taken to include additional structures adjoining the tomb or the open space surrounding it.

  • BORAGE

    cross-reference

    See GĀV-ZABĀN.

  • BŌRĀN

    Marie Louise Chaumont

    (Pers. Pōrān, Pūrān), Sasanian queen ca. 630-31, daughter of Ḵosrow II (r. 590, 591-628). There are extant coins of Bōrān dated from the first, second, and third years of her reign.

  • BORĀQ (1)

    Bertold Spuler

    ruler of the Chaghatay khanate in Transoxiana (1266-71), a great-grandson of Jengiz Khan and a son of Yesün-Toʾa.

  • BORĀQ (2)

    Cross-Reference

    See MEʿRĀJ.

  • BORĀZJĀN

    ʿAlī-Akbar Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

    town and county (šahrestān) in Bushehr Province in southern Iran. The present town came into being in the late 12th/18th century.

  • BORHĀN BALḴĪ

    Zabihollah Safa

    BORHĀN-AL-DĪN MOẒAFFAR b. Šams b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamīd-al-Dīn, a poet of the 14th century from Balḵ. He was descended from Ebrāhīm b. Adham, the renowned Iranian Sufi of the 2nd/8th century. 

  • BORHĀN NAFĪS

    Zabihollah Safa

    BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NAFĪS b. ʿEważ b. Ḥakīm Kermānī, a physician of great renown in the 15th century.

  • BORHĀN, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN

    cross-reference

    See BORHĀN-E QĀṬEʿ.

  • BORHĀN-AL-DĪN MOḤAQQEQ TERMEḎĪ

    cross-reference

    See MOḤAQQEQ TERMEḎĪ.

  • BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NASAFĪ

    Wilferd Madelung

    (d. 1288), ABU’L-FAŻĀʾEL MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-Allāh, Hanafite theologian, logician, and expert on legal points of disagreement (ḵelāf) and dialectic (jadal).

  • BORHĀN-AL-DĪN, ḴᵛĀJA ABŪ NAṢR FATḤ-ALLĀH

    F. R. C. Bagley

    a vizier (d. 1358) eulogized by Ḥāfeẓ in two ḡazals (nos. 374 and 478).

  • BORHĀN-AL-MAʾĀṮER

    Cross-Reference

    See Supplement.

  • BORHĀN-E JĀMEʿ

    Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī

    (Comprehensive proof), title of a dictionary (completed 1833) by Moḥammad-Karīm b. Mahdīqolī Garmrūdī Šaqāqī.

  • BORHĀN-E QĀṬEʿ

    Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī

    (Conclusive proof), the title of a Persian dictionary compiled in India in the 11th/17th century by Moḥammad-Ḥosayn b. Ḵalaf Tabrīzī, who used the pen-name Borhān.

  • BORHĀNIDS

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀL-E BORHĀN.

  • BORHĀNPŪRĪ, BORHĀN-AL-DĪN

    Richard M. Eaton

    Indo-Persian Sufi of the Šaṭṭārī order (d. 1089/1678).

  • BÖRI

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    or Böritigin,  name of a Turkish commander in Ḡazna and of the ruler of the western branch of the Qarakhanid dynasty of Transoxania.

  • BORJ

    Abbas Daneshvari, David Pingree

    The use of a word meaning “tower” in this special astronomical sense presumably arose from the conception of the zodiac as a barrier between heaven and earth through which access was gained by means of twelve zodiacal gates, each of which was assumed to be guarded by a tower.

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  • BORJ-E ṬOḠROL

    Bernard O’Kane

    name commonly applied to a large tomb tower of the Saljuq period situated near Ray.

  • BORJ-NĀMA

    Žāla Āmuzgār

    maṯnawi by Anuširavān b. Marzbān Rāvari (17th century), who wrote poems on several subjects relating to the Zoroastrian religion and uses several Zoroastrian terms here.

  • BOROUGH, Christopher

    Parvin Loloi

    (fl. 1579-1587), English merchant and linguist who traveled to Russia and Persia as an interpreter with the sixth voyage by the Muscovy Company to establish trade with these countries.

  • BOROWSKY, ISIDORE

    Bo Utas

    (ca. 1770-ca. 1838), Polish officer in the Persian army, said to have been fatally injured by a bullet in the abdomen during the second siege of Herat in 1837-38.

  • BORQAʿĪ

    Hamid Algar

    (Ar. Borqoʿī), AYATOLLAH ʿALĪ-AKBAR (b. 1900), religious leader of the postwar period to whom leftist tendencies were imputed and whose name became embroiled in a significant incident in Qom in January, 1953.

  • BORŪJ

    cross-reference

    See BORJ.

  • BORŪJERD

    Eckart Ehlers

    (or Barūjerd), town and šahrestān in the province of Lorestān in western Iran. It has always been a road and railway junction of great strategic importance.

  • BORUJERD

    Multiple Authors

    town and sub-province in Lorestan Province in western Iran.

  • BORUJERD ii. Population, 1956-2011

    Mohammad Hossein Nejatian

    This article deals with the following population characteristics of Borujerd: population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status.

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  • BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN

    Hamid Algar

    b. Moḥammad-Reżā Ḥosaynī, Shiʿite scholar of the Qajar period (d. ca. 1860); his main work was  a collection of chronograms on the deaths of famous transmitters of ḥadīṯ.

  • BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ

    Hamid Algar

    (1875-1961), AYATOLLAH ḤĀJJ ĀQĀ, director (zaʿīm) of the religious teaching institution (ḥawza) at Qom for seventeen years and sole marjaʿ-e taqlīd of the Shiʿite world for fifteen years.