Table of Contents
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AYNALLŪ
P. Oberling
(or ĪNALLŪ, ĪNĀLŪ, ĪMĀNLŪ), a tribe of Ḡozz Turkic origin inhabiting Azerbaijan, central Iran and Fārs.
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ʿAYNI, KAMĀL
Habib Borjian
As a textual and literary critic, Kamāl ʿAyni centered his work on Persian works of the Timurid era and contiguous periods, mainly the 15th and 16th centuries. He thus published a number of essays and monographs.
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ʿAYNĪ, ṢADR-AL-DĪN
K. Hitchins
(1878-1954), poet, novelist, and the leading figure of Soviet Tajik literature, born 18 Rabīʿ II 1295/15 April 1878 in the village of Sāktarī in the emirate of Bukhara, a Russian protectorate.
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AYŌKĒN
M. Shaki
a Middle Persian legal term denoting the category of persons to whom descends the obligation of stūrīh (marriage by proxy or substitution).
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AYRARAT
R. H. Hewsen
region of central Armenia in the broad plain of the upper Araxes.
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ĀYRĪMLŪ
P. Oberling
(in Persian often Āyromlū), Turkic tribe of western Azerbaijan.
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ĀYROM, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN KHAN
M. Amanat
army commander and the head of the police under Reżā Shah (r. 1304-20 Š./1925-41).
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AYVĀN
O. Grabar
(palace, veranda, balcony, portico), a Persian word used also in Arabic (īwān, līwān) and Turkish.
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AYVĀN-E KESRĀ
E. J. Keall
Ayvān-e Kesrā has been described in Arabic and Persian sources and is the subject of a moving qaṣīda by the poet Ḵāqānī who visited its ruins in mid-6th/12th century. Once the most famous of all Sasanian monuments and a landmark in the history of architecture, it is now only an imposing brick ruin.
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ʿAYYĀR
Cl. Cahen, W. L. Hanaway, Jr.
a noun meaning literally “vagabond,” applied to members of medieval fotowwa (fotūwa) brotherhoods and comparable popular organizations.
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ʿAYYĀŠĪ, ABU’L-NAŻR MOḤAMMAD
I. K. Poonawala
Imami jurist and scholar of the 3rd-4th/9th-10th centuries.
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AYYOHAʾL-WALAD
I. Abbas
a short treatise by Abū Ḥāmed Moḥammad Ḡazālī Ṭūsī (fl. 450-505/1058-1111), originally composed in Persian.
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AYYŪB KHAN, MOḤAMMAD
Cross-Reference
B. AMĪR ŠĒR ʿALĪ KHAN. See MOḤAMMAD AYYŪB KHAN.
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AYYUBIDS
R. S. Humphreys
(Ar. Banū Ayyūb), a Kurdish family who first became prominent as members of the Zangid military establishment in Syria in the mid-sixth/twelfth century.
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ʿAYYŪQĪ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
a poet of the fifth/eleventh century who versified the romance of Varqa o Golšāh.
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ĀZ
J. P. Asmussen
Iranian demon known from Zoroastrian, Zurvanite, and, especially, Manichean sources.
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ĀZĀD
M. Bazin
Zelkova crenata or Siberian elm, a tree of the Ulmaceae family, for which also other scientific names, such as Zelkova carpinifolia, Zelkova hyrcana, Planera crenata, and Planera Richardi, have been proposed.
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ĀZĀD (Iranian Nobility)
M. L. Chaumont, C. Toumanoff
(older ĀZĀT), a class of the Iranian nobility.
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ĀZĀD BELGRĀMĪ
M. Siddiqi
Major Indo-Muslim poet, biographer, and composer of chronograms, also known as Ḥassān-al-Hend (fl. 1116-1200/1704-86).
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ĀZĀD FĪRŪZ
A. Tafażżolī
governor of Bahrain and the surrounding area in the time of Ḵosrow (probably Ḵosrow II Parvēz).