Table of Contents
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AMLĀK
E. Hooglund
(plural of melk), privately owned agricultural estates; the term (of Arabic origin) designates a form of rural land tenure pattern that existed simultaneously in Iran with various other types of land holdings over several centuries.
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AMLĀK-E ḴĀṢṢA
Cross-Reference
See ḴĀṢṢA.
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AMLAŠ
Multiple Authors
i. Geography. ii. Excavations.
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AMLAŠ i. Geography
Marcel Bazin
small town and district in the southeastern part of Gilān Province.
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AMLAŠ ii. Excavations
R. H. Dyson
small village in southeastern Gilān which, since 1959, has given its name to a large assortment of archeological artifacts derived from illegal, clandestine excavations in the nearby valleys of the Alborz range.
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ʿĀMMA
E. Kohlberg
(pl. ʿawāmm), a common Emāmī Shiʿite appellation for the Sunnites.
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ʿAMMĀRA
Cross-Reference
See ʿAMĀRA.
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ʿAMMĀRLŪ
P. Oberling
a Kurdish tribe of Gīlān and Khorasan.
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AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS
M. L. Chaumont
historian who provides important information on the Sasanians (b. ca. 330-35).
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AMMITMANYA
M. Mayrhoffer
an Iranian, to whom were entrusted 215 (?) BAR of grain provided for provisions at Tukraš.
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AMMŌ, MĀR
J. P. Asmussen
Manichean apostle, outstanding figure in the missionary history of Manicheism during the 3rd century CE.
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AMOGHAPĀŚAHṚDAYA
R. E. Emmerick
“the heart or essence of the Amoghapāśa ritual,” the name of a Buddhist text belonging to the Mahayanist Tantric tradition.
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ĀMOL
C. E. Bosworth, S. Blair, E. Ehlers
a town on the Caspian shore in the southwest of the modern province of Māzandarān, medieval Ṭabarestān.
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ĀMOL (ĀMŪYA)
C. E. Bosworth
town situated three miles from the left bank of the Oxus river (Āmū Daryā).
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AMOL WARE
Y. Crowe
Amol wares are mainly fine bowls with flaring walls and straight rims and larger dishes with flattened, everted, or straight rims. Some of these have been greatly restored, so that they feel much heavier than they once were, and their coarser base rings lack the sureness of potting that typifies better-preserved specimens.
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ĀMOLI
David O. Morgan
Shiʿite scholar and author, died at Shiraz in 1352-53, when it was under the control of the Inju ruler Abu Esḥāq Jamāl-al-Din.
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ĀMOLĪ, SAYYED BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN
E. Kohlberg
early representative of Imamite theosophy (b. 720/1320, or perhaps 719/1319).
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ĀMORAʾĪ
P. Lecoq
the dialect spoken in Āmora, a village in the šahrestān of Tafreš.
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AMORDĀD
Cross-Reference
See AMURDĀD.
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AMORGES
A. Sh. Shahbazi
Greek form of the name of several notable Iranians of the Achaemenid period.
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AMPELIUS, LUCIUS
Philip Huyse
author of a short encyclopaedic work Liber memorialis in fifty chapters covering such diverse subjects as cosmography (and astronomy), geography and ethnography, theology and especially history.
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AMPHIBIANS
S. C. Anderson
Twenty species occur in Iran: six salamanders in three genera in two families and fourteen frogs and toads in four genera in four families. The amphibian fauna is most diverse in the northwestern provinces, which have the greatest rainfall and running water throughout the year.
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ʿAMR B. LAYṮ
C. E. Bosworth
ṢAFFĀRĪ, military commander and second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Sīstān (r. 879-900).
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ʿAMR B. ʿOBAYD
J. van Ess
early Muʿtazilite theologian and traditionist (d. probably 144/761).
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ʿAMR B. YAʿQŪB
C. E. Bosworth
great-grandson of the co-founder of the Saffarid dynasty and ephemeral boy amir in Sīstān, 299-301/912-13.
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AMR BE MAʿRŪF
W. Madelung
Arabic al-amr be’l-maʿrūf wa’l-nahy ʿan al-monkar “enjoining what is proper or good and forbidding what is reprehensible or evil,” one of the principle religious duties in Islam.
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AMRANLU
P. Oberling
a small Turkic tribe which has settled down in the village of Galūgāh in Māzandarān.
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AMRĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ
I. K. Poonawala
(d. 999/1590-91 [?], poet and Sufi from Kūhpāya, a village near Isfahan.
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AMṚTAPRABHADHĀRAṆĪ
R. E. Emmerick
name given by H. W. Bailey to a fifty-line text in Late Khotanese.
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ĀMŪ DARYĀ
B. Spuler
river about 2,500 km long, regarded in ancient times as the boundary between Iran and Tūrān.
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ʿAMŪOḠLĪ, ḤAYDAR KAN
Cross-reference
(ʿAMOḠLĪ). See ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMŪOḠLĪ.
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AMURDĀD
M. Boyce
one of the seven great Aməša Spəntas of Zoroastrianism, the hypostasis of the concept of “not dying,” that is Long Life on this earth or Immortality in the hereafter.
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ĀMŪYA
Cross-Reference
See ĀMOL.
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AMYRTAEUS (II)
E. Bresciani
“The God Ammon has given him”, King of Egypt, 404-398 B.C., the only member of Manetho’s 29th dynasty.
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AMYTIS
R. Schmitt
Median and Persian female name.
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AN LU-SHAN
E. G. Pulleyblank
frontier general of mixed Sogdian and Turkish ancestry who rose to high rank during the latter part of the reign of Hsüan-tsung (713-56).
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AN SHIH-KAO
E. G. Pulleyblank
or An Ch’ing, the earliest known translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese.
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AN-HSI
E. G. Pulleyblank
name by which the Parthian empire was known to the Chinese, a transcription of Aršak-, the name of the Parthian ruling house.
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ANABASIS
R. Schmitt
title of ancient campaign accounts stylistically influenced by the so-called Periplus books.
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ANĀHĪD
M. Boyce, M. L. Chaumont, C. Bier
Ardwīsūr Anāhīd, Middle Persian name of Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā, a popular Zoroastrian yazatā; she is celebrated in Yašt 5 (known as the Ābān Yašt) which is one of the longest and best preserved of the Avestan hymns. Sūrā and anāhitā are common adjectives, meaning respectively “strong, mighty” and “undefiled, immaculate.”
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ANĀMAKA
R. Schmitt
name of the tenth month (December-January) of the Old Persian calendar.
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ANAND RAM MOKLES
B. Ahmad
Chronicler, lexicographer, and poet of the later Mughal period (1111-64/1699-1750.
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ĀNANDRĀJ, FARHANG-E
Cross-Reference
Persian dictionary by Monšī Moḥammad Bādšāh, completed in 1306/1888. See FARHANG-E ĀNANDRĀJ.
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ANANIAS OF SHIRAK
Cross-Reference
(7th century), scholar, to whom (or to a pseudo-MOVSĒS XORENAC‘I) is attributed the anonymous work Armenian Geography (Ašxarhac‘oyc‘). On this work, see MARKWART, JOSEF.
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ANANIAS OF SHIRAK (ANANIA ŠIRAKAC‘I)
Tim Greenwood
Armenian scholar (ca. 600-670 CE), to whom is attributed a wide range of late Antique scientific texts, including the anonymous Armenian Geography (Ašxarhac‘oyc‘).
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ANANTAMUKHANIRHĀRADHĀRAṆĪ
R. E. Emmerick
the name of a Buddhist text belonging to the Mahayanist Tantric tradition.
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ANAPHAS
R. Schmitt
Persian male name.
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ANĀRAK
C. E. Bosworth
a baḵš and its town on the southern fringes of the Dašt-e Kavīr.
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ANĀRAKI
G. L. Windfuhr
the dialect of Anārak, a town with 2,100 inhabitants in the Bīābānak region northeast of the city of Nāʾīn.
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ANATOLIA
Cross-Reference
and its relations with Iran: see Asia Minor.