Table of Contents

• ANĪRĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See ANĒRĀN.

• ANĪS

  L. Pourhadi

  a daily Kabul newspaper, in Darī (Persian), with some articles in Pashto.  

• ANĪS AL-ʿOŠŠĀQ

  G. M. Wickens

  a small handbook of the imagery traditionally used in Persian love poetry, by Ḥasan b. Moḥammad Šaraf-al-din Rāmi (sometimes Zāmi), d. 795/1393.

• ANĪS AL-ṬĀLEBĪN WA ʿODDAT AL-SĀLEKĪN

  H. Algar

  one of the most important sources extant for the life and dicta of Bahāʾ-al-dīn Naqšband, eponymous founder of the Naqšbandī Sufi order.

• ANĪS-AL-DAWLA

  G. Nashat

  (d. 1314/1896-97), the most important wife of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah Qāǰār.

• ANJEDĀN

  F. Daftary

  village located 37 km east of Arāk (former Solṭānābād) in Markazī province.

• ANJOMAN (Newspaper)

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  a newspaper published in Tabrīz in February-March 1907 by the Anǰoman-e Mellī of Tabrīz, which had previously published Rūz-nāma-ye mellī and Jarīda-ye mellī.

• ANJOMAN (Organization)

  M. Bayat, H. Algar, W. L. Hanaway, Jr.

  (“gathering, association, society”), general designation of many private and public associations.

• ANJOMAN-E ĀṮĀR-E MELLĪ

  ʿĪ. Ṣadīq

  (AAM), The National Monuments Council of Iran, established in 1301 Š./1922 to promote interest in and to preserve Iran’s cultural heritage.  

• ANJOMAN-E EṢFAHĀN

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

   a weekly paper founded in Isfahan on 21 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1324/6 January 1906.

• ANJOMAN-E ESMĀʿĪLI

  F. Daftary

  (Ismaʿili Society), a research institution founded on 16 February 1946 in Bombay, India, under the patronage of the third Aqa Khan.

• ANJOMAN-E EYĀLĀTI-E TABRIZ

  Mansoureh Ettehadieh

  the provincial council (anjoman) of Tabriz organized during the early phase of the Constitutional Revolution, in 1324/1906.

• ANJOMAN-E FALSAFA WA ʿOLŪM-E ENSĀNĪ

  EIr

  (Iranian Society for Philosophy and Humanistic Sciences), formed in 1949 as a regional branch of the International Council of Philosophy and Humanistic Sciences, a UNESCO affiliate.

• ANJOMAN-E KALĪMĪĀN

  A. Netzer

  (JEWISH ASSOCIATION), name given to the Jewish Association of Tehran in the 1930s, and to the Jewish Association of Iran since 1974.

• ANJOMAN-E KETĀB

  I. Afshar

  (the Book Society of Iran), founded in 1957 in Tehran by Ehsan Yarshater  in collaboration with Iraj Afshar (Īraǰ Afšār), ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Zarrīnkūb, and a number of concerned scholars, to foster interest in good publications.

• ANJOMAN-E MAʿĀREF

  ʿA. Anwār

  (Society or Council of Education), a society founded in Šawwāl, 1315/February-March, 1898 under the patronage of the then prime minister Ḥāǰǰ Mīrzā ʿAlī Khan Amīn-al-dawla in order to promote the cause of Western-type education in Iran.

• ANJOMAN-E OḴOWWAT

  ʿA. Anwār and EIr

  (or OḴŪWAT) “The Society of Brotherhood,” a non-political Sufi-type society officially founded on 15 Šabʿān 1317/21 December 1899 by Mīrzā ʿAlī Khan Ẓahīr-al-dawla to promote the ideals of equity and brotherhood in Iran.

• ANJOMAN-E SAʿĀDAT

  H. Algar

  (The Association of Felicity), an organization of Iranians resident in Istanbul, devoted to furthering the cause of the Iranian constitution between 1908 and 1912.  

• ANJOMAN-E TABLĪḠĀT-E ESLAMĪ

  H. Algar

  (The Society of Islamic Propagation), an Islamic cultural and educational society established in 1941 by ʿAṭāʾallāh Šehābpūr. 

• ANJOMAN-E TĀRĪḴ-E AFḠĀNESTĀN

  R. Farhādī

  (Historical Society of Afghanistan), founded in 1942  to disseminate information about the history of Afghanistan by conducting research, promoting scholarship, and publishing scholarly works.

• ANJOMAN-E VELĀYATI

  ʿAli Reżā Abtaḥi

  (Provincial Council) of Isfahan, set up subsequent to the establishment of the Parliament (majles) to secure the aims of the Constitutional Revolution.

• ANJOMAN-E ZARTOŠTĪĀN

  M. Kasheff

  (Society of Zoroastrians), the designation of formally instituted Zoroastrian associations in Iran.

• ANJOMANĀRĀ, FARHANG-E

  R. ʿAfīfī

  Persian-language dictionary compiled by Reżā-qolī Khan Hedāyat (1215-88/1800-71) known as Lala-bāšī.

• ʿANKABŪTĪĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See ARACHNIDS.

• ANKLESARIA, BAHRAMGORE TAHMURAS

  K. M. JamaspAsa and M. Boyce

  (1873-1944), Parsi scholar, son of Tahmuras Dinshah Anklesaria, born and educated in Bombay.

• ANKLESARIA, PESHOTAN KAVASHAH

  K. M JamaspAsa and M. Boyce

  (1928-69), Parsi priest and scholar born at Broach.  

• ANKLESARIA, TAHMURAS DINSHAH

  K. M. Jamaspasa and M. Boyce

  (1842-1903), Parsi priest and scholar.

• ʿANNAZIDS

  K. M. Aḥmad

  (BANŪ ʿANNĀZ), a Kurdish dynasty (r. ca. 380-510/990-1117).

• ANŌŠAG-RUWĀN

  C. J. Brunner

  "of immortal soul", originally a respectful euphemism, becoming in the Islamic period an aristocratic proper name.

• ANŌŠAZĀD

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  (in the Šāh-nāma, Nōšzād; the name means “son of the immortal”), a son of Ḵosrow I Anōšīravān and leader of a revolt in ca. 550 CE.

• ANŌŠĪRAVĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See ḴOSROW I.

• ANQARAVĪ, ROSŪḴ-AL-DĪN

  H. Algar

  (also known as Rosūḵī Dede; d. 1041/1631), a shaikh in the Mawlawī order and author of the most important traditional commentary on theMaṯnawī of Jalāl-al-dīn Rūmī.

• ANQUETIL-DUPERRON

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  (1731-1805), French orientalist, born in Paris on 7 December 1731. In June, 1759, he was able to send news to Paris that he had completed (in three months) a translation of that Vendidad.

• ANṢARĪ, ʿALĪ-QOLĪ KHAN

  M. Kasheff

  MOŠĀWER-AL-MAMĀLEK (1868-1940), a career diplomat under the late Qajars. 

• ANṢĀRĪ, ḴᵛĀJA ʿABDALLĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿABDALLĀH ANṢĀRĪ.

• ANṢĀRĪ, MĪRZĀ SAʿĪD KHAN

  Cross-Reference

  MOʾTAMEN-AL-MOLK. See MOʾTAMEN-AL-MOLK.

• ANṢĀRĪ, SHAIKH MORTAŻĀ

  S. Murata

  B. MOḤAMMAD AMĪN (1799-1864), 1799-1864), important author of works on feqh.

• ANSHAN

  J. Hansman

  (or ANZAN), the name of an important Elamite region in western Fārs and of its chief city.

• ANṬĀKĪYA

  Cross-Reference

  See ANTIOCH.

• ANTHROPOLOGY

  B. Spooner

  (Persian mardomšenāsī), social and cultural, in Iran and Afghanistan.

• ANTHROPOMORPHISM

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  in Iranian religions. Ahura Mazdā in the Gāthās was conceived of, although invisible and immortal, as of human form, with eyes, hands, and tongue; but he was of gigantic size. 

• ANTI-ALBORZ

  B. Hourcade

  the highland between Tehran and Semnān on the southern flank of the central Alborz range.

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• ANTIA, EDULJI KERSASPJI

  K. M. JamaspAsa and M. Boyce

  (1842-1913/1212-83 yazdegerdi), Parsi scholar, born of priestly stock in Navsari in Gujarat.

• ANTIOCH (1)

  M. L. Chaumont

  town in northern Syria founded in 300 B.C. by Seleucus I Nicator. It was the capital of the Seleucids and became one of the main centers of caravan traffic.

• ANTIOCH (2)

  J. Hansman

  city name given to a number of Seleucid foundations.

• ANTIOCHUS

  D. Bing, J. Sievers

  name of thirteen kings of the Seleucid dynasty, several of whom were active in Iran.

• ANTIOCHUS OF COMMAGENE

  G. Widengren

  (full title: Theos Dikaios Epiphanes Philoromaios Philhellen, Theos signifying his divinity), 1st-century BC Seleucid ruler.

• ANTONY, MARK

  M. L. Chaumont

  Roman general (ca. 82-30 B.C.). Following the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae (Ḥarrān) in 53 B.C., the Roman leadership sought a war of revenge. Mark Antony became master of the East through a pact with Octavian (the future Augustus)  in 40 B.C., he began preparations for a campaign against the Parthians.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ANŪŠA MOḤAMMAD

  G. L. Penrose

  B. ABU’L-ḠĀZĪ, ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR, Khan of Ḵīva 1663-87.

• ANUŠAWAN

  J. R. Russell

  grandson of Ara, legendary king of Armenia, called sawsanuēr “devoted to the plane tree.”