Table of Contents
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ĀḠĀJĪ
ʿA. Zaryāb
title of a court official in the administrations of the Ghaznavids and Saljuqs.
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ĀḠĀJĪ BOḴĀRĪ
ʿA. Zaryāb
Samanid amir and poet.
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AḠĀNĪ, KETĀB AL-
K. Abu-Deeb
(“The Book of Songs”), the major work of Abu’l-Faraǰ Eṣfahānī (284-356/897-967).
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ĀḠĀSĪ
Cross-Reference
See ĀQĀSĪ.
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AGATHANGELOS
R. W. Thomson
(Greek for “messenger of good news”), the supposed author of a History of the Armenians, which describes the conversion of King Trdat of Armenia to Christianity at the beginning of the 4th century CE.
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AGATHIAS
M.-L. Chaumont
(b. 536/ 537-d. about 580), Byzantine historian. Among other matters, Agathias’s History treats the war which was fought between Justinian and Xusraw I (Chosroes) in Lazica in 552-56. The work contains much information of interest on the Persians in general and the Sasanians in particular.
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AGIARY
Cross-Reference
See ĀTAŠKADA.
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ĀḠKAND
R. Schnyder
This ware was made by local workshops in the time of the Eldigüzids. Nothing indicates that the production survived the Mongol invasions of Azerbaijan, though similar pottery continued to be produced in the 7th/13th century in east Anatolia and north Syria.
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ĀḠOŠ VEHĀḎĀN
A. Tafażżolī
(Āḡoš son of Vehāḏ), king of Gīlān at the time of Kay Ḵosrow, the Kayanid king, and one of the commanders of his armies.
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AGRA
G. Hambly
City and district center in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India, situated on the west bank of the river Jumna (Yamonā) approximately 125 miles south of Delhi.
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AḠRĒRAṮ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
(Av. Aγraēraθa), Turanian warrior and brother of Afrāsīāb in the Avestan yašts and in the the Šāh-nāma.
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AGRICULTURE in Iran
E. Ehlers
The tendency to possess not certain, regionally fixed parts of the land but shares of the total, is made possible by the custom of splitting each property or any part of it into “ideal” or “imaginary” shares or allotments.
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ĀHAK
E. Ehlers, T. S. Kawami
“lime,” a solid, white substance consisting essentially of calcium oxide.
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ĀHAN
V. C. Pigott
With the Tartar conquest of Syria, Tamerlane is said to have deported to Iran the skilled craftsmen he captured. It is suggested that from this point onward Iran supplied itself as well as India and the west with the finest damascene arms and armor, though the steel ingots still originated in India.
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AHAR
ʿA. ʿA. Kārang
the name of a county (šahrestān) and town in Azerbaijan.
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AHAR RIVER
ʿA. ʿA. Kārang
Originating in the mountains of Eškanbar, Sārī Čaman and Qarāǰa-dāḡ, the Ahar river runs from east to west.
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AHARĪ
İ. Aka
(8th/14th cent.), author of Tārīḵ-e Šāh Oways, dedicated to the Jalayerid ruler Oways (757-76/1356-74).
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AHASUREUS
W. S. McCullough
name of a Persian king in pre-Christian Jewish tradition; it appears in the biblical books of Esther (1.1 et passim), Ezra (4.6), and Daniel (9.1) and in the apocryphal book of Tobit (14.15).
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AḤDĀṮ, WOJŪH-E
R. M. Savory
fines collected in Safavid times by the officers of the night watch (aḥdāṯ), who were under the supervision of the dārūḡa.
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ĀHĪ JOḠATĀʾĪ
ʿA. ʿA. Rajāʾī
Chaghatay amir, poet, and companion of Ḡarīb Mīrzā, a son of the Timurid sultan, Ḥosayn Bāyqarā.
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ĀHI, MAJID
Bāqer ʿĀqeli
(b. Tehran, 1265 Š./1886; d. 22 Šahrivar 1325 Š./12 September 1946), judge, governor of Fārs, minister of justice, and ambassador to the Soviet Union.
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AHL-E BAYT
I. K. A. Howard
(Ahl al-Bayt), the “family of the house” or “household,” i.e., of the Prophet.
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AHL-E ḠARQ
Nasrin Raḥimieh
(The drowned, 1990), best-known novel of Moniru Ravanipur.
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AHL-E ḤAQQ
H. Halm
“People of (the absolute) Truth,” a sect found in western Persia and some regions of northeastern Iraq; the name has also been adopted by other Islamic sects (Noṣayrīs, Ḥorūfīs) and appears to be rooted in the tradition of the extremist Shiʿites (ḡolāt).
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AHL-E ḤAQQ ii. INITIATION RITUAL
M. Reza Fariborz Hamzeh’ee
The initiation ritual is one of the most important institutions in the tradition of Ahl-e Ḥaqq.
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AHLAW
Ph. Gignoux
(Ahlav; written ʾhlwb), a middle Persian term which plays a fundamental role in Mazdean soteriology and which is usually translated as “just.”
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AHLĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ
W. Thackston
poet (858/1454?-942/1535).
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AHLOMŌG
C. J. Brunner
Middle Persian form of Younger Avestan ašəmaoγa- “one who produces confusion of Truth,” a term applied to Iranian priests who deviated from Zoroastrian doctrine.
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AḤMAD-E ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD
Cross-Reference
See AḤMAD ŠĪRĀZĪ.
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AḤMAD ʿALAWĪ
H. Corbin
philosopher and author in Persian and Arabic (d. between 1054/1644 and 1060/1650).
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AḤMAD ʿALĪ HĀŠEMĪ SANDĪLAVĪ
S. S. Alvi
Indo-Persian litterateur (b. 1162/1748-49 in Sandila, a town near Lucknow; d. after 1224/1809).
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AḤMAD B. ʿABDALLĀH
H. Halm
(3rd/9th century), son of the supposed founder of Ismaʿili doctrine and grandfather of the first Fatimid caliph, Mahdī.
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AḤMAD B. ASAD
C. E. Bosworth
(d. 250/864), early member of the Samanid family and governor of Farḡāna under the ʿAbbasids and Taherids.
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AḤMAD B. AYYŪB
A. A. Kalantarian
7th-8th/13th-14th Azerbaijani architect, one of the best representatives of the architectural school of Naḵǰavān.
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AḤMAD B. BAHBAL
Hameed ud-Din
Mughal historian and author of a Persian work, Maʿdan-e aḵbār-e Aḥmadī, also known as Maʿdan-e aḵbār-e Jahāngīrī.
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AḤMAD B. FAŻLĀN
C. E. Bosworth
author of an extremely important travel narrative written after he had been a member of an embassy in the early 4th/10th century from the ʿAbbasid caliphate to the ruler of the Bulghars on the middle Volga in Russia.
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AḤMAD B. ḤOSAYN
İ. Aka
historian of the 9th/15th century born in Yazd, author of the Tārīḵ-e ǰadīd-e Yazd.
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AḤMAD B. JAʿFAR
D. M. Dunlop
poet, man of letters, musician, wit, and bon vivant at the court of several ʿAbbasid caliphs, hence sometimes called al-Nadīm.
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AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD
C. E. Bosworth
(r. 311-52/923-63), amir in Sīstān of the Saffarid dynasty (that part of it sometimes called “the second Saffarid dynasty”).
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AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. ṬĀHER
C. E. Bosworth
governor in Ḵᵛārazm and son of the last Tahirid governor in Khorasan.
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AḤMAD B. NEẒĀM-AL-MOLK
C. E. Bosworth
(d. 1149-50), son of the well-known Saljuq vizier (d. 485/1092) and himself vizier for the Great Saljuqs and then for the ʿAbbasid caliphs.
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AḤMAD B. ʿOMAR B. SORAYJ
T. Nagel
Shafeʿite author from Shiraz (249/863-306/918-19)/
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AḤMAD B. QODĀM
C. E. Bosworth
a military adventurer who temporarily held power in Sīstān during the confused years following the collapse of the first Saffarid amirate and the military empire of ʿAmr b. Layṯ in 287/900.
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AḤMAD B. SAHL B. HĀŠEM
C. E. Bosworth
governor in Khorasan during the confused struggles for supremacy there between the Saffarids, Samanids, and various military adventures in the late 3rd/9th and early 4th/10th century, d. 307/920.
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AḤMAD ČARMPŪŠ
S. H. Askari
(ČERAMPŌŠ), Sohravardī poet-saint of 14th century Bihar (d. 26 Ṣafar 755/22 March 1354).
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AḤMAD HERAVĪ
D. Pingree
one of the many eminent astronomers employed by the Buyids in the 4th/10th century.
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AḤMAD INALTIGIN
C. E. Bosworth
Turkish commander and rebel under the early Ghaznavid sultan Masʿūd I (421-32/1030-41), d. 426/1035.
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AḤMAD-E JĀM
H. Moayyad
a Conservative Sufi with unreserved loyalty to the Šarīʿa (1049 -1141).
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AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI
F. Shakely
(1061-1119/1650-1707), a distinguished Kurdish poet, mystic, scholar, and intellectual who is regarded by some as the founder of Kurdish nationalism.
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AḤMAD KĀSĀNĪ
J. Fletcher
(1461-62—1542-43), known as MAḴDŪM-E AʿẒAM, Sufi, author of about thirty religious treatises, political activist, and founding ancestor of two important saintly lineages of Naqšbandī ḵᵛāǰagān.