Table of Contents

• TIGRIS RIVER

  Daniel T. Potts

  major river arising in the Taurus mountains of eastern Turkey, fed mainly by snow melt, which flows about 2,032 km through eastern Turkey and Iraq to the Persian Gulf.

• TILLA BULAK

  Kai Kaniuth

  The site’s stratigraphy is marked by two main building horizons, of which the earlier one was destroyed in a conflagration that apparently engulfed the entire hamlet. From rooms of this phase, complete household inventories have been recovered which will be of enormous help in understanding the rural economic system.

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• TIŠTRYA

  Antonio Panaino

  (Pahl. Tištar, NPers. Teštar), an important Old Iranian astral divine being (yazata-), to whom the eighth hymn (Tištar Yašt) of the Later Avestan corpus was dedicated (Panaino, 1990).

• TOBACCO

  Willem Floor

  Modes of use, cultivation, and cultural connotations of Tobacco in Iran. Persian sources imply that the use of tobacco was already known in Persia before its introduction into Europe in the 1550s.

• TOCHARIAN LANGUAGE

  Michaël Peyrot

  the conventional name for two closely related Indo-European languages that were spoken in northwest China, in the north of the Tarim Basin in present-day Xīnjiāng.

• TOḠA TIMUR

  Peter Jackson

  (1336-1353), the last of the Mongol Il-Khans of Iran.

• TOḤFAT AL-AḤBĀB

  Solomon Bayevsky

  (Gift for friends), a Persian dictionary of the early Safavid period, compiled by Ḥāfeẓ Solṭān-ʿAli Owbahi Heravi in 936/1529-30.

• TOḤFAT AL-SAʿĀDA

  Solomon Bayevsky

  An early 16th-century Persian dictionary of 14,000 entries by Maḥmud b. Shaikh Żiāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad, a poet of northern India.

• TONB ISLANDS

  Guive Mirfendereski

  (GREATER and LESSER), two tiny islands of arguable strategic importance in the eastern Persian Gulf, south of the western tip of Qešm island.

• TOPKAPI PALACE

  Zeren Tanındı

  and its Persian holdings. The Topkapı Palace, which was known as the Yeni Saray (New Palace) until the 19th century, served the Ottoman sultans for almost 380 years as the imperial residence and center of command.