Table of Contents
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TAVERNIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE
Pierre-François Burger
merchant, traveler, and author of Les six voyages and other works.
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TAʿZIA
Peter Chelkowski
a term used for the Shiʿite passion play performed in Persia. It is the sole form of serious drama to have developed in the world of Islam, with the exception of contemporary theater, which was introduced to Islamic countries in the mid-19th century.
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TEA
Cross-Reference
See ČĀY.
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TEDESCO, PAUL MAXIMILIAN
Rüdiger Schmitt
(1898-1980), Austrian scholar of Indo-Iranian studies.
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TEHRAN i. A PERSIAN CITY AT THE FOOT OF THE ALBORZ
Xavier de Planhol
At the northern borders of Iran’s arid central plateau, the southern foothills of the Alborz chain, which have the advantage of major precipitations, are particularly suitable for human settlements.
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TEHRĀNI, Ḥosayn
Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi
(1911-1973) well-known master performer of the tonbak.
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TEKIŠ B. IL ARSLĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
(r. 1172-1200), ʿAlāʾ-al-Donyā wa’l-Din Abu’l-Moẓaffar, a ruler of the branch of Khwarazmshahs who descended from the Great Saljuq slave commander (ḡolām) Anuštigin Ḡarčāʾi.
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TELEGRAPH i. FIRST TELEGRAPH LINES IN PERSIA
Soli Shahvar
The initiator of introducing the electric telegraph in Persia was Mirzā Malkom Khan. In 1858 he carried out two successful telegraphic experiments for Nāṣer-al-Din Shah.
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TENTS in Iran
Multiple Authors
A portable dwelling characteristic of certain nomad groups. It consists of a canopy of cloth or skin supported by upright posts and anchored to the ground by means of pegs and ropes.
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TENTS i. General Survey
Jean-Pierre Digard
The most common type of tent in Iran and Afghanistan is the “black tent” (constructed of bands of woven goat hair stitched together), which is known from Mauritania to India.
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TENTS ii. Variety, Construction, and Use
Peter Alford Andrews
Both of the basic tent types used by nomads elsewhere in the Middle East are present in Iran and Afghanistan: the black, goat-hair tent and the felt tent.
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TEPE HISSAR
Robert H. Dyson
Sixteen hundred graves were recorded; of these 782 from 1932 formed the basis of the 1937 tabular presentation of burial data. Generally, bodies were buried on their sides in a flexed position in simple pits. In period II, however, rare brick cist graves appear.
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TEPE YAHYA
D. T. Potts
(Tappe Yaḥyā), archeological site in the Soḡun valley, Kerman province, ca. 220 km south of Kerman and 130 km north of the Straits of Hormuz.
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TERKEN ḴĀTUN
C. Edmund Bosworth
title of the wife of the Khwarazmshah Tekiš b. Il-Arslān (r. 1172-1200) and mother of ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad (r. 1200-20).
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TETRADRACHM
Cross-Reference
“four drachmas,” or stater, a denomination of silver coinage; see DIRHAM.
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TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN IRAN
Willem Floor
Textile production in Iran dates back to the 10th millennium BCE. The first European-style factories in Persia were established in the 1850s and were among the first establishments in the country to use modern technology.
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THAILAND-IRAN RELATIONS
M. Ismail Marcinkowski
Iran’s cultural and trade relations with Southeast Asia date back far into the pre-Islamic period. Official diplomatic relations between the two regions become traceable only during the Safavid period (1501-1722).
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THEOPHYLACT SIMOCATTA
Michael Whitby
Greek historian and author of Histories, a work mainly concerned with late sixth-century Byzantine warfare in the Balkans and against Persia.
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TIGER
Cross-Reference
See BABR.
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TIGRAN II
N. Garsoian
THE GREAT, king of Armenia (r. 95-55 BCE), the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty.
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TIGRIS RIVER
Daniel T. Potts
major river arising in the Taurus mountains of eastern Turkey, fed mainly by snow melt, which flows about 2,032 km through eastern Turkey and Iraq to the Persian Gulf.
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TILLA BULAK
Kai Kaniuth
The site’s stratigraphy is marked by two main building horizons, of which the earlier one was destroyed in a conflagration that apparently engulfed the entire hamlet. From rooms of this phase, complete household inventories have been recovered which will be of enormous help in understanding the rural economic system.
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TIŠTRYA
Antonio Panaino
(Pahl. Tištar, NPers. Teštar), an important Old Iranian astral divine being (yazata-), to whom the eighth hymn (Tištar Yašt) of the Later Avestan corpus was dedicated (Panaino, 1990).
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TOBACCO
Willem Floor
Modes of use, cultivation, and cultural connotations of Tobacco in Iran. Persian sources imply that the use of tobacco was already known in Persia before its introduction into Europe in the 1550s.
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TOCHARIAN LANGUAGE
Michaël Peyrot
the conventional name for two closely related Indo-European languages that were spoken in northwest China, in the north of the Tarim Basin in present-day Xīnjiāng.
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TOḠA TIMUR
Peter Jackson
(1336-1353), the last of the Mongol Il-Khans of Iran.
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TOḤFAT AL-AḤBĀB
Solomon Bayevsky
(Gift for friends), a Persian dictionary of the early Safavid period, compiled by Ḥāfeẓ Solṭān-ʿAli Owbahi Heravi in 936/1529-30.
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TOḤFAT AL-SAʿĀDA
Solomon Bayevsky
An early 16th-century Persian dictionary of 14,000 entries by Maḥmud b. Shaikh Żiāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad, a poet of northern India.
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TONB ISLANDS
Guive Mirfendereski
(GREATER and LESSER), two tiny islands of arguable strategic importance in the eastern Persian Gulf, south of the western tip of Qešm island.
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TOPKAPI PALACE
Zeren Tanındı
and its Persian holdings. The Topkapı Palace, which was known as the Yeni Saray (New Palace) until the 19th century, served the Ottoman sultans for almost 380 years as the imperial residence and center of command.
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TORTURE IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD
Bruno Jacobs
Torture is here taken as defined in the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), Art. 1.1.
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TOWFIQ (TAWFIQ) NEWSPAPER
Hasan Javadi
a satirical and political weekly newspaper published intermittently in Tehran between 1923 and 1971.
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TOYUL
Cross-Reference
one of the terms for “land grant.” See EQṬĀʿ.
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TRAGACANTH
Cross-reference
For gum tragacanth, see KATIRĀ.
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TRAJAN
Erich Kettenhofen
Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (98-117 CE), born probably in 53 CE, and died in early August 117. During his reign, the Imperium Romanum stretched to its widest extent, but only for a short period.
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TREE
Cross-Reference
See DERAḴT.
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TRIBE
Cross-Reference
For the Persian terms used and an overview of tribal groups, see ʿAŠĀYER.
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ṬUBĀ VA MAʿNĀ-YE ŠAB
Houra Yavari
novel (1987) by Shahrnush Parsipur, fiction writer and essayist, generally regarded as one the first instances of magical realism in modern Iran. The novel’s creative use of magical realism is colored by a distinctly mystical tone and has borrowed much of its flavor from Iran’s Illuminationist Philosophy.
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TUMANSKIǏ, Aleksandr Grigor’evich
Jahangir Dorri
(1861-1920), Russian orientalist, major-general of the Russian Imperial Army. He belonged to an ancient aristocratic family which had originated from the Great Duchy of Lithuania.
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TUP
F. Farrokh
(tr. by Fariydoun Farrokh as The Cannon, Washington D. C., 2009), the first full-length novel by Gholam-Hosayn Sa’edi.
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ṬURĀN
C. E. Bosworth
(ṬOVARĀN), the mediaeval Islamic name for the mountainous district of east-central Baluchistan lying to the north of the mediaeval coastal region of Makrān, what was in recent centuries, until 1947, the Aḥmadzay Khanate of Kalat.
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TURFAN EXPEDITIONS
Werner Sundermann
Turfan (also Uigur Turpan, Chin. Tulufan) in Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) is the largest oasis (ca. 170 square kilometers) on the ancient northern Silk Road.
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TURKEY
Cross-Reference
See BŪQALAMŪN.
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TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW
Michael Knüppel
Only in few other regions (Caucasus and Southern Siberia) one can find a nearly comparable diversity of Turkic languages as in Persia. The number of their speakers varies from several thousands to several millions.
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TURKIC LOANWORDS IN PERSIAN
Michael Knüppel
Turkic-Iranian language contacts, as well as reciprocal loaning/borrowing of words, go back to the era of the Old Turkic language.
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TURKIC-IRANIAN CONTACTS i. LINGUISTIC CONTACTS
John R. Perry
Speakers of Iranian and Turkic languages have been in contact since pre-Islamic times, notably along the Inner Asian commercial corridors known collectively as the Silk Road.
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TURKIC-IRANIAN CONTACTS ii. CHAGHATAY
Andras J. E. Bodrogligeti
Chaghatay has been strongly influenced by Islamic prestige languages, especially Persian and Arabic, in all segments: phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, and cultural content. In the hands of the educated elite it became a tool wielded impressively.
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TURKMENS OF PERSIA ii. LANGUAGE
Michael Knüppel
Geographical location and the “tribal affiliation” of the speakers form the background of the dialectal variety. The dialects of Turkmen are spoken in their respective areas, where the members of the corresponding “tribes” live.
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TURKO-SOGDIAN COINAGE
Larissa Baratova
issues of the khaqans (ḵāqāns) of the Western Turkic khanate in Central Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries CE, so called because the Turkic rulers issued them with Sogdian inscriptions.
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TURNIP
Shamameh Mohammadifar
a biennial shrub of the Cruciferae family with edible fleshy thick root, hairy rosette leaves, grape inflorescence and siliques fruits.