Table of Contents
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TORTURE IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD
Bruno Jacobs
Torture is here taken as defined in the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), Art. 1.1.
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TOWFIQ (TAWFIQ) NEWSPAPER
Hasan Javadi
a satirical and political weekly newspaper published intermittently in Tehran between 1923 and 1971.
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TOYUL
Cross-Reference
one of the terms for “land grant.” See EQṬĀʿ.
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TRAGACANTH
Cross-reference
For gum tragacanth, see KATIRĀ.
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TRAJAN
Erich Kettenhofen
Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (98-117 CE), born probably in 53 CE, and died in early August 117. During his reign, the Imperium Romanum stretched to its widest extent, but only for a short period.
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TREE
Cross-Reference
See DERAḴT.
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TRIBE
Cross-Reference
For the Persian terms used and an overview of tribal groups, see ʿAŠĀYER.
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ṬUBĀ VA MAʿNĀ-YE ŠAB
Houra Yavari
novel (1987) by Shahrnush Parsipur, fiction writer and essayist, generally regarded as one the first instances of magical realism in modern Iran. The novel’s creative use of magical realism is colored by a distinctly mystical tone and has borrowed much of its flavor from Iran’s Illuminationist Philosophy.
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TUMANSKIǏ, Aleksandr Grigor’evich
Jahangir Dorri
(1861-1920), Russian orientalist, major-general of the Russian Imperial Army. He belonged to an ancient aristocratic family which had originated from the Great Duchy of Lithuania.
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TUP
F. Farrokh
(tr. by Fariydoun Farrokh as The Cannon, Washington D. C., 2009), the first full-length novel by Gholam-Hosayn Sa’edi.
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ṬURĀN
C. E. Bosworth
(ṬOVARĀN), the mediaeval Islamic name for the mountainous district of east-central Baluchistan lying to the north of the mediaeval coastal region of Makrān, what was in recent centuries, until 1947, the Aḥmadzay Khanate of Kalat.
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TURFAN EXPEDITIONS
Werner Sundermann
Turfan (also Uigur Turpan, Chin. Tulufan) in Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) is the largest oasis (ca. 170 square kilometers) on the ancient northern Silk Road.
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TURKEY
Cross-Reference
See BŪQALAMŪN.
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TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW
Michael Knüppel
Only in few other regions (Caucasus and Southern Siberia) one can find a nearly comparable diversity of Turkic languages as in Persia. The number of their speakers varies from several thousands to several millions.
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TURKIC LOANWORDS IN PERSIAN
Michael Knüppel
Turkic-Iranian language contacts, as well as reciprocal loaning/borrowing of words, go back to the era of the Old Turkic language.
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TURKIC-IRANIAN CONTACTS i. LINGUISTIC CONTACTS
John R. Perry
Speakers of Iranian and Turkic languages have been in contact since pre-Islamic times, notably along the Inner Asian commercial corridors known collectively as the Silk Road.
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TURKIC-IRANIAN CONTACTS ii. CHAGHATAY
Andras J. E. Bodrogligeti
Chaghatay has been strongly influenced by Islamic prestige languages, especially Persian and Arabic, in all segments: phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, and cultural content. In the hands of the educated elite it became a tool wielded impressively.
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TURKMENS OF PERSIA ii. LANGUAGE
Michael Knüppel
Geographical location and the “tribal affiliation” of the speakers form the background of the dialectal variety. The dialects of Turkmen are spoken in their respective areas, where the members of the corresponding “tribes” live.
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TURKO-SOGDIAN COINAGE
Larissa Baratova
issues of the khaqans (ḵāqāns) of the Western Turkic khanate in Central Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries CE, so called because the Turkic rulers issued them with Sogdian inscriptions.
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TURNIP
Shamameh Mohammadifar
a biennial shrub of the Cruciferae family with edible fleshy thick root, hairy rosette leaves, grape inflorescence and siliques fruits.