Table of Contents
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PHILOSOPHY
Cross-Reference
see under FALSAFA.
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PHOENIX MOSQUE
George Lane
Over the centuries, the mosque has been mentioned by a variety of very different names. It is referred to as the Li Bai Ssŭ on some steles and as Wu-lin Gardens on a 13th-century street map. The name Li Bai Temple is thought to be the oldest designation.
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PHRAORTES
I. Medvedskaya
the second king of the Median dynasty. All information about him is from Herodotus.
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PHRATAPHERNES
Ernst Badian
a member of the highest Persian aristocracy at the end of the Achaemenid period. He probably belonged to one of the Six Families that had helped Darius I gain the throne.
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PIANO IN PERSIAN MUSIC
Hormoz Farhat
The first piano is known to have arrived in Persia as a gift from Napoleon Bonaparte to Fatḥ ʿAli Shah.
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PILARAM, FARAMARZ
Hengameh Fouladvand
(1937-1983), a modernist artist, educator and among the founders of the Saqqā-ḵāna School of Art.
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PIR-E ZAN
Anna Krasnowolska
a calendar-related legend about an Old Woman who personifies winter.
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PIŠ-PARDA
William O. Beeman
a short comedy sketch, musical number, or dance performed before the main theatrical performance, or in an intermission between acts of a performance.
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PÎREMÊRD
Keith Hitchins
(1867-1950), pen-name of Tawfiq, son of Maḥmud, son of Ḥamza (in Kurdish: Tewfîq kurî MehmûdʿAḡa kurî Hemze ʿAḡa), Kurdish writer, journalist, and public intellectual.
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PLANE TREE
Cross-Reference
See ČENĀR.
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PLANETS
Antonio Panaino
In antiquity, only five planets, visible to the naked eye (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) were known; in many early traditions, the Sun and the Moon, were added to their number. Hence, some sources mention both the “five” and the “seven” planets.
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PLANTAIN
Cross-Reference
See BĀRHANG.
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PLATTS, JOHN THOMPSON
Parvin Loloi
(1830-1904), scholar and teacher of Persian at the University of Oxford. He wrote a widely used Persian grammar and published an edition and an English translation of Saʿdi’s Golestān.
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PLUM
Cross-Reference
See ĀLŪČA.
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POLAK, Jakob Eduard
Christoph Werner
(1818-1891), Austrian physician and writer who was instrumental in establishing modern medicine in Iran.
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POLAND ii. PERSIAN ART AND ARTIFACTS IN POLISH COLLECTIONS
Beata Biedrońska-Słota, Dorota Malarczyk, and Barbara Mękarska
Persian art has been present in Poland since medieval times. Among the objects—bought or brought back as war booty, like carpets, textiles, tents, richly ornamented weaponry, gold products—illuminated Persian manuscripts were also to be found.
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POLAND iii. Iranian Studies in Poland
Anna Krasnowolska
The development of Iranian studies in Poland was preceded by some nonscholarly interest in Persian language and culture.
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POLEMICS i. BETWEEN SHIʿITES AND JEWS
Daniel Tsadik
Twelver (Eṯnā ʿAšari Emāmi) Shiʿite polemics refer here to arguments gleaned from compositions written by Shiʿites.
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POLL TAX
Cross-Reference
See JEZYA.
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POLO, MARCO
Michele Bernardini
(1254-1324), Venetian merchant and traveler (b. Venice or Curzola, 1254; d. Venice, 8 January 1324), whose travel accounts gained worldwide fame and whose description of the countries he visited between 1271 and 1298 represents a primary geographical and historical source concerning Asia during the Mongol domination.