Table of Contents

• JAHN, KARL EMIL OSKAR

  J. T. P. DE Bruijn

  (1906-1985), Czech orientalist who specialized in Central Asian history, Persian historiography, and Turcology.

• JAHROM

  SHIVA JA’FARI

  city and sub-province (šahrestān) in central Fārs Province, covering an area of 4,517 sq. km.

• JAIPUR

  Catherine B. Asher

  city in northwestern India, founded in 1727 by the Kachhwaha prince (raja) and Mughal officer Sawai Jai Singh Kachhwaha (1688-1743). He built an observatory in Jaipur with enormous instruments for observing and calculating celestial phenomena

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• JĀJARMI

  Anna Livia Beelaert

  MOḤAMMAD B. BADR, 14th-century Persian poet and anthologist.

• JĀJRUD

  Bernard Hourcade

  a major river of the southern slopes of the central Alborz in the Central Plateau (140 km. long, basin of 1,890 km²),  running from the mountains of Šami-rānāt at Rudbār-e Qaṣrān to the plain of Varāmin and eventually joins the salt lake of Qom (Daryāča-ye Qom), at about 89 km to the northwest of the city.

• JĀKI

  P. Oberling

  a group of Lor tribes in the Kuhgiluya region of eastern Khuzesan. They comprise the tribal confederations of the Čahārboniča (or Čarboniča) and the Lirāvi.

• JAKKADI

  Maria Sabaye Moghaddam

  a dance style performed by Persian women, as documented in Sanskrit treatises of the 16th and 17th centuries.

• JALĀL-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM TABRIZI

  Farhan Nizami

  (d. 1244-45), a prominent Sufi of the Sohravardiya Order. Started his education in Tabriz under Badr-al-Din Abu Saʿid Tabrizi.

• JALĀL-AL-DIN DAVĀNI

  cross-reference

  See DAVĀNI.

• JALĀL-AL-DIN ḤASAN III

  FARHAD DAFTARY

  (b. 1166-67; d. 1221), Nezāri Ismaʿili imam and the sixth lord of Alamut. He succeeded to the leadership of the Nezāridaʿwa (‘propaganda’ or ‘mission,’ see DĀʿI) and state on the death of his father, Nur-al-Din Moḥammad II b. Ḥasan II.

• JALĀL-AL-DIN ḴvĀRAZMŠĀH(I) MENGÜBIRNI

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  the last Ḵᵛārazmšāh of the line of Anuštigin Ḡarčaʾi, reigned in 1220-31 as the eldest son and successor of ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad.

• JALĀL-AL-DIN MIRZĀ

  Abbas Amanat and Farzin Vejdani

  Qajar historian and freethinker (1827-1872), son of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah (r. 1797-1834). Besides European influences, the intellectual sources of his freethinking are not entirely known. He associated with Mirzā Malkom Khan (1833-1908) and his secret society, the Farāmuš-ḵāna (‘house of oblivion’), which labored to recruit members.

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• JALĀL-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD BALḴI, MAWLAWI

  cross-reference

  See RUMI. Forthcoming, online.

• JALĀL-AL-DIN TURĀNŠĀH

  cross-reference

  See MOZAFFARIDS.

• JALĀL-AL-MOLK

  cross-reference

  See IRAJ MIRZĀ.

• JALĀLĀBĀD

  Shah Mahmoud Hanifi

  a city, a valley, and an administrative unit of fluctuating scope within the Afghan state structure. The city is located in eastern Afghanistan at 1,885 feet above sea level in the north-central portion of an elongated oval valley that stretches approximately 80 miles east to west.

• JALĀLI

  Pierre Oberling

  a Kurdish tribe of eastern Anatolia and northwestern Persia.

• JALĀLZĀDA

  Tahsın Yazici

  (b. ca. 1490-94; d. 1567), MOṢṬAFĀ ÇELEBI, also known as “Koja Nişancı” (Ḵᵛāja Nešānči), Ottoman historian and administrator.

• JALĀYER

  cross-reference

  See KHORASAN i. ETHNIC GROUPS.

• JALĀYER, ESMĀʿIL KHAN

  Manouchehr Broomand

  a prominent painter of the Qajar era, during the reign of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah (r. 1848-96). He was  noted for his work in the genres of irāni-sāzi (Iranian subjects, relatively unaffected by European influences) and ṭabiʿat-sāzi (fauna and flora in a European naturalistic mode).

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• JALAYERIDS

  Peter Jackson

  (sometimes called the Ilakāni by Persian historians), a dynasty of Mongol origin which ruled over Iraq, and for several decades also over north-western Persia, from the collapse of the Il-khanate in the late 1330s until the early 15th century.

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• JALIL, RAHIM

  K. Hitchins

  Soviet Tajik writer (1909-1989), a master of the short story.

• JALILAVAND

  Pierre Oberling

  a small Laki-speaking tribe inhabiting the Kermānšāh and Lorestān regions, most of whom belong to the Ahl-e Haqq sect.

• JĀLINUS

  Hormoz Ebrahimnejad

  (Galen), the Arabic form of Greek Galenos, the name of the illustrious 2nd-century authority on medicine of ancient Greece.

• JALULĀʾ

  Klaus Klier

  the site of a major battle between the Sasanian and Muslim forces. This locale is a medium-sized town in the Diāla Province of Iraq, situated on the middle course of the Diāla River.

• JAM

  M. Reza Fariborz Hamzeh’ee

  name given to a religious ceremony performed among two important religious communities living traditionally in the same historical region on the Zagros Mountain chain.

• JĀM (1)

  Majd-al-din Keyvani

  a mountainous region on the way from Kabul to Herat, and a historically important village in the province of Ghur (Ḡur) in western Afghanistan.

• JĀM (2)

  Pending

  “cup”: in Persian art and literature. Pending online.

• JĀM MINARET

  F. B. Flood

  pre-eminent 12th-century monument of the Šansabāni sultans of Ḡur in central Afghanistan. The minaret stands 65 meters high near the confluence of the Harirud and Jāmrud rivers in a remote mountain valley once protected by a series of defensive towers.

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• JAM, MAḤMUD

  Ali Sadeghi

  (1885-1969), titled Modir-al-Molk, prime minister under Reżā Shah.

• JAMĀL-AL-DIN ʿASADĀBĀDI

  cross-reference

  See AFGANI, JAMĀL-AL-DIN.

• JAMĀL-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD EṢFAHĀNI

  D. DURAND-GUÉDY

  poet and painter of the second half of the 12th century.

• JAMĀLI ṢUFI

  Maryam Ekhtiari

  PIR YAḤYĀ, calligrapher of the mid-8th/14th century who worked in Shiraz in the 740s/1340s.

• JAMĀLI, ḤĀMED B. FAŻL-ALLĀH

  A. A. Seyed-Gohrab

  Persian-speaking Indian poet (b. Delhi, ca. 862/1457; d. Gujarat, 942/1535).

• JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI

  Multiple Authors

  prominent Iranian intellectual, a pioneer of modern Persian prose fiction and of the genre of the short story (1892-1997).

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• JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI i. Life

  Nahid Mozaffari

  (b. Isfahan, 1892; d. Geneva, 1997) Mohammad-Ali, was a writer, researcher, and translator. Influenced by his father as a defender of freedom and social justice, Jamalzadeh was among the youngest members of the opposition group against the British and Russian interference in Iran. He established the Persian journal Kāveh.

• JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI ii. Work

  Hassan Kamshad and Nahid Mozaffari

  Jamalzadeh, an innovator of the modern literary language, was the first to introduce the techniques of European short-story writing in Persian literature.

• JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI iii. Bibliography

  Nahid Mozaffari

  a bibliography of Jamalzadeh’s work.

• JĀMĀSP

  Jamsheed K. Choksy, Nikolaus Schindel

  Sasanian king. He ascended to the throne in 496 (or possibly early 497) when his brother, the king of kings Kawād I, was deposed.  Jāmāsp, like Kawād, was a son of the Sasanian ruler Pērōz (r. 459-84).  

• Jāmāsp i. REIGN

  JAMSHEED K. CHOKSY

  Jāmāsp or Zāmāsp (Middle Persian yʾmʾsp, zʾmʾsp; Greek Zamásphēs; Arabic Jāmāsb, Zāmāsb, Zāmāsf; New Persian Jāmāsp, Zāmāsp) ascended to the Sasanian throne in 496.

• Jāmāsp ii. Coinage

  NIKOLAUS SCHINDEL

  No gold coins are attested so far for Jāmāsp. Apart from the silver drachms, sixths of a drachm, or obols, are known from the mints DA and LD. All the DA specimens are dated to regnal year one, and perhaps are connected with the king’s coronation, which thus may have taken place in Dārābḡerd.

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• JĀMĀSP-NĀMA

  Cross-Reference

  See AYĀDGĀR I JĀMĀSPIG.

• JĀMĀSPA

  W. W. Malandra

  an official at the court of Vīštāspa and an early convert of Zarathushtra, who, in the tradition became widely known for his wisdom.

• JĀMĀSPASA, Dastur JAMASPJI MINOCHERJI

  Ramiyar P. Karanjia and Michael Stausberg

  (1830-1898), Parsi priest and Iranologist. As a high priest he guided and supervised the consecration of several fire temples. He possessed a collection of important Zoroastrian manuscripts, and his publication Pahlavi texts (1897-1913) made these  available to a larger audience.

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• JĀMĀSPI

  Cross-Reference

  See AYĀDGĀR I JĀMĀSPIG.

• JĀMEʿ AL-ḤEKĀYĀT

  Dariush Kargar

  (lit. Compiler of stories), one of the oldest and most common titles of mostly anonymous Persian story collections, dating from the 13th to the 19th century.

• JĀMEʿ AL-ḤEKMATAYN

  cross-reference

  See NĀṢER-E ḴOSROW.

• JĀMEʿ AL-ʿOLUM

  cross-reference

  See ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, PERSIAN.

• JĀMEʿ AL-TAMṮIL

  Ulrich Marzolph

  a collection of Persian proverbs and their stories compiled in 1045/1644 by Moḥammad-ʿAli Ḥablarudi.

• JĀMEʿ AL-TAVĀRIḴ-E ḤASANI

  İlker Evrim Binbaş

  a Timurid universal chronicle up to December 1451-January 1452, with a valuable final section on events in Kerman up to 1453.