Table of Contents
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ḤOSAYN BĀYQARĀ
Hans R. Roemer
the common designation for Sultan Abu’l-Ḡāzi Ḥosayn Mirzā b. Manṣur b. Bāyqarā, the last Timurid ruler of major importance in Khorasan (r. 1469-70 and 1470-1506).
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ḤOSAYN KARBALĀʾI
Leonard Lewisohn
TABRIZI BĀBĀ-FARAJI, popularly known as Ebn Karbalāʾi, a major Persian historian of Sufis and Sufism of 16th-century Persia and a poet (d. 1589).
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ḤOSAYN KHAN ĀJUDĀN-BĀŠI
Ḥ. Maḥbubi Ardakāni
probably the most important officer to hold the military rank of adjudant-en-chef (see ĀJŪDĀN-BĀŠI) during the Qajar period (d. ca.1866-67).
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ḤOSAYN KHAN KAMĀNČAKAŠ
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
a famous musician and a master of the kamānča, the chief traditional Persian string instrument played with a bow (d. 1934).
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ḤOSAYN KHAN MOQADDAM MARĀḠAʾI
cross-reference
See ĀJUDĀN-BĀŠI; NEẒĀM-AL-DAWLA.
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ḤOSAYN KHAN ŠĀMLU
Roger M. Savory
(d. 1535), b. ʿAbdi Beg Šāmlu, nephew of Shah Esmāʿil I, Safavid governor of Herat.
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ḤOSAYN SHAH ARḠUN
cross-reference
See ARGHUNID DYNASTY OF SIND in Supplement.
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ḤOSAYN-E KORD-E ŠABESTARI
Ulrich Marzolph
Persian popular romance narrating the exploits of a Kurdish warrior from Šabestar known solely by the name of Ḥosayn.
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ḤOSAYNI
Bruno Nettl
a guša (significant melodic unit) of the canonic repertory of Persian classical music (radif).
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ḤOSAYNI BALḴI
ʿAbd-al-ḥayy Ḥabibi
13th-century translator into Persian of Wāʿeẓ-e Balḵi’s no longer extant Arabic work, the Fażāʾel-e Balḵ.
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ḤOSAYNI DAŠTAKI ŠIRĀZI
cross-reference
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ḤOSAYNIYA
Jean Calmard
buildings specifically designed to serve as venues for Moḥarram ceremonies commemorating the martyrdom of Ḥosayn b. ʿAli.
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ḤOSAYNIYA-YE MOŠIR
Jean Calmard
a ḥosayniya building in the Sang-e Siāh quarter of Shiraz, famous for its exquisite tile paintings.
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ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN MĀFI
Cross-Reference
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ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI
George A. Bournoutian
important governor in the early Qajar period (b. ca. 1742, d. 1831).
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ḤOSAYNQOLI, ĀQĀ
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
noted tār player and teacher (1853-1916). His performances were considered both technically brilliant and artistically exquisite. The regularity and force of the down and up strokes (rāst and čap) of his plectrum were much admired. He used a five-string tār and disapproved of the addition of the sixth string.
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ḤOSN O DEL
Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā
an allegorical work by Fattāḥi Nišāburi (1404-46), one of the best examples of rhyming prose in the Timurid period.
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ḤOSN-E TAʿLIL
Natalia Chalisova
(lit. “beauty of rationale”), “fantastic etiology,” a rhetorical device among the figures of ʿelm-e badiʿ (the science of rhetorical embellishment).
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HOSSEIN, ANDRÉ
Iraj Khademi
As a composer, Hossein was much inspired by traditional Persian music, and most of his works demonstrate this intellectual preoccupation. He knew the tār very well and could be considered one of the great tār players of his time. He began playing this instrument as a child, and later composed several works for it.
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HOSSEINI, MANSOUREH
Hengameh Fouladvand
(1926-2012), pioneer modernist painter, writer, and gallerist, among the first Iranian artists who incorporated calligraphy in their modern works.
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HOSTAGE CRISIS
Mohsen M. Milani and EIr
the events following the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran by leftist Islamist students in 1979 with subsequent wide-ranging repercussions on Iran’s domestic politics as well as on U.S.-Iran relations.
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HOTZ, ALBERT PAUL HERMAN
Cyrus Ala’i
a Dutch trader, collector of artifacts, and author on Iran (1855-1930).
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HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
cross-reference
or parliament of Iran, the Majles. See CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION.
Unpublished as per M.A. email - 5/28/2014
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HOUSING IN IRAN
Habibollah Zanjani
This entry examines: (1) the growth of housing units during 1966-96; (2) housing policies adopted in various development plans and the results; (3) main characteristics of housing in Iran; and (4) investment in, and economics of, housing.
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HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, ALBERT
John D. Gurney
(1846-1916), Sir, engineer and employee of the Persian government for over thirty years in the later 19th and early 20th centuries; he was both loyal and knowledgeable.
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HOVEYDA, AMIR-ABBAS
Abbas Milani
(Amir ʿAbbās Hoveydā; 1919-1979), the longest serving prime minister in the modern history of Iran (1964-1977). His tenure can be divided into two phases. In the 1960s, he was full of optimism and energy; in the 1970s he was characterized by cynicism, a clinging attachment to power and its perks, and an almost despondent air of resignation. What remained the same were his economic policies.
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HUART, CLÉMENT
Jean Calmard
French orientalist (1854-1926), especially known as editor and translator of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish sources and prolific author of works covering many aspects of Oriental studies.
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HÜBSCHMANN, (JOHANN) HEINRICH
Erich Kettenhofen and Rüdiger Schmitt
Hübschmann felt himself to be an orientalist. Originally an Iranian scholar, through his fundamental studies he became also the founder of modern Armenian linguistics; for it was he who created a solid basis for future historical-comparative research in this field.
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ḪUDIMIRI
Inna Medvedskaya
a peripheral district and city in Elam, mentioned only in the 7th century BCE, in the Assyrian sources during the reign of Ashurbanapal.
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HŪGAR
cross-reference
See ALBORZ.
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HŪITI
cross-reference
See AVESTAN PEOPLE.
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HUḴT
Nassereddin Parvin
monthly periodical published in Persian by Iranian Zoroastrians, 1950-84.
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HULĀGU KHAN
Reuven Amitai
fifth son of Tolui (and thus grandson of Čengiz Khan) and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty (b. ca. 1215, d. 1265).
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HUMAN MIGRATION
Mehdi Amani and Habibollah Zanjani
This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries.
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HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA
Mary Boyce
three Avestan words which encapsulate the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism. In form verbal adjectives, they were substantivized to mean “good thought, good word, good act.”
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HUMBAN
cross-reference
See ELAM vi.
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HUMOR
J. T. P. de Bruijn
The making of jokes. In the present article the focus will be on description and classification of the types of humor that can be found in Persian literary sources, mainly belonging to the classical period.
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HUMORALISM
Amir Arsalan Afkhami
(ṭebb-e jālinusi/ṭebb-e yunāni), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body’s four elemental humors. which are identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each of these humors is believed to possess two natures: hot or cold and dry or moist.
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HUMORS
cross-reference
See HUMORALISM.
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HUNGARY ii. Iranian and Persian Studies in Hungary
Keith Hitchins
The Polish diplomats and the literary professionals were among the first to study and translate Persian literary works in the 18th century Europe.
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HUNNIC COINAGE
Michael Alram
coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India. It must be emphasized that our knowledge of these Central Asian nomads is, to a certain extent, still vague; and the research on their history is controversial.
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HUNS
Martin Schottky
collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.
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HUNTING IN IRAN
Multiple Authors
Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages.
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HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages. i. In the pre-Islamic Period.
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HUNTING IN IRAN ii. In the Islamic Period
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH
Ursula Sims-Williams
American geographer (1876-1947). In Central Asia ihe collected extensive data and acquired several manuscripts and wooden documents in Kharoṣṭhī, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Khotanese.
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HUR
Nassereddin Parvin
name of a newspaper (1943-45) and a bilingual (Persian and Armenian) monthly journal (1971-74).
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HÜSING, GEORG
Rüdiger Schmitt
versatile German scholar, whose fields included Old Iranian and Elamite studies (1869-1930).
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HUŠT
Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal
Zoroastrian-Persian term for the area (in known practice a town-quarter, a village, or a group of villages) assigned to a priest.
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HUŠYĀR ŠIRĀZI
DARYOUSH ASHOURI
Upon his return to Persia with his German wife, Sirazi was employed as professor in the newly established University of Tehran. As a devoted and enthusiastic educator and author, his life, until his early death, was spent on energetically teaching his students and on introducing certain texts of German literature to Persian readers.
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HUTAOSA
cross-reference
See ATOSSA.
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HUTH, GEORG
Michael Knüppel
(1867-1906) German Indologist, Tibetologist, Tugusologist, Mongolist, and the founder of Tibetology as a field of research at German universities.
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HUTUXŠ
cross-reference
and HUTUXŠBED, artisans as a class and the chief of artisans in Sasanian society. See CLASS SYSTEM ii.
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HUVIŠKA
A. D. H. Bivar
ruler of the Great Kushan lineage, successor of Kaniška I the Great, known chiefly from inscriptions and from a prolific coinage. He reigned from at least the year 28 to 60 of the Kaniška Era, equivalent to 154-86 CE.
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HUZWĀREŠ
D. Durkin-Meisterernst
a term describing the use of Semitic word masks in Middle Persian texts, written in the official orthography of the Sasanian state and surviving in Zoroastrian texts, and a small number of inscriptions, and letters.
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HVARCIERA
cross-reference
See XWARČIHR.
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HYDARNES
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. Hydárnēs), rendering of the Old Persian male name Vidṛna held by several historical persons of the Achaemenid period.
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HYDE, THOMAS
A. V. Williams
(1636-1703), D.D., English orientalist, Professor of Arabic and Hebrew in the University of Oxford, the first scholar to attempt to write a comprehensive description of the religion of Zoroaster.
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HYDERABAD
Gavin Hambly, Deborah Hutton
(Ḥaydarābād), city in the Deccan of India, the former capital of the Nizams (Neẓāms) of Hyderabad (ca. 1724-1948) and at present the state capital of Andhra Pradesh in southern India. It had a three and a half century history as one of the major Muslim states and as a center of Indo-Persian culture in the subcontinent.
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HYDROLOGY
Multiple Authors
i. Iranian plateau. ĀB. ii. Southwestern Persia. iii. Afghanistan. From a hydrological perspective, southwestern Persia must be considered as part of the Persian Gulf drainage region. Extending over an area of more than 350,000 km², its main drainage area covers the central and southwestern Zagros mountain areas with their extremely complex geomorphology.
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HYENA
Steven C. Anderson
Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758), Pers. kaftār. The striped hyena is the only current Asian representative of the mammalian family Hyaenidae. Principal threats to hyena populations today are vehicular traffic (since they scavenge road kills at night), wanton shooting, and secondary poisoning. The hyena is a protected species in Iran.
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HYGIENE
Cross-Reference
See HEALTH IN PERSIA.
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HYMN OF THE PEARL
J. R. Russell
or Hymn of the Soul, a Syriac poem, of which an early Greek translation also exists, composed probably in the third century CE in the region of Edessa.
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HYPERBOLE
N. Chalisova
a figure (or figures) of speech in the classical Persian system of ʿelm al-badiʿ.
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HYRCANIA
cross-reference
See GORGĀN v. Pre-Islamic history.
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HYSTASPES
Cross Reference
father of Darius I. See GOŠTĀSP.
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HYSTASPES, ORACLES OF
Werner Sundermann
(Gk. Khrēseis Hystaspou), a collection of prophecies ascribed to Vištāspa, the patron and follower of Zarathustra.
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Hāji Firuzi
music sample
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Hālā čerā?
music sample
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Ḥanā bandān in Kermān
music sample
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Harāy-āhang-e bolbol
music sample
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Ḥazin
music sample
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Hejāz
music sample
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Hejāz, Bastenegār, Yaquluna, Čāhārpāre
music sample
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Ḥeṣār (part 1)
music sample
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Ḥeṣār (part 2)
music sample
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Ḥeṣār (part 3)
music sample
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Heydar Bābā
music sample
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Hormozi Saʿid
music sample
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Hosayn Khān - Segāh
music sample
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Ḥosayni (1)
music sample
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Ḥosayni (2)
music sample
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Hosaynqoli - Shur
music sample
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Hosaynqoli – Hajiani
music sample
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Hymn of Fozieh
music sample
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H~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter H entries.