Table of Contents
-
EDUCATION xiii. RURAL AND TRIBAL SCHOOLS
Moḥammad Bahmanbeygī, Nāṣer Mīr, Moḥammad Pūrsartīp, and EIr
Compulsory-education laws enacted in 1911 and 1943 provided the legal framework for the extension of modern education into rural and tribal areas. Until the 1950s, however, the Persian government did not possess the resources to implement these laws; in addition, landowners and tribal khans resisted such efforts.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xiv. SPECIAL SCHOOLS
Samineh Baghchehban-Pirnazar
Until 1968 responsibility for children with special educational needs had fallen on the individual schools. In that year the National Organization for Special Education was established as a general directorate under a deputy minister of education.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xv. FOREIGN AND MINORITY SCHOOLS IN PERSIA
EIr
Modern education was introduced to Persia in the 19th century by European and American religious institutions and military advisers.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xvi. SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS
Aḥmad Bīrašk and EIr
No standardized schoolbooks existed in Persia before the advent of the modern educational system. The first were written by European teachers at the Dār al-fonūn in the mid-19th century.
-
EDUCATION xvii. HIGHER EDUCATION
David Menashri
Initially Reżā Shah’s government, like the Qajar government before it, encouraged aspiring professionals to study abroad, but, while urging them to absorb practical elements of Western culture, he also warned them to reject “harmful” influences and preserve their own national identity.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xix. TEACHERS’-TRAINING COLLEGES
Majd-al-Dīn Keyvānī
Dānešgāh-e tarbīat-e moʿallem, the oldest institution for educating teachers in Persia, was founded in Tehran in 1336/1918. It has gone through various phases and changes of name since.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xviii. TEACHERS’-TRAINING SCHOOLS
Eqbāl Yaḡmāʾ ī
In March 1934 an act establishing lower and advanced schools for teachers’ training under the Ministry of Education (Wezārat-e maʿāref) was adopted by the Majles, and an operating charter for such schools was ratified in July of the same year.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xx. ADULT EDUCATION
Šahlā Kāẓemīpūr
The Ministry of Education (Wezārat-e maʿāref) established adult-literacy classes in state schools considered suitable. They were to last two years and to consist of ninety-six two-hour classes each year, free of charge. Reading and writing Persian, arithmetic, and elementary history, geography, and civics were to be taught.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xxi. EDUCATION ABROAD
Afshin Matin-Asgari
A survey of 350 students abroad between 1811 and 1920 indicates that more than 50 percent of the total studied in France, about 15 percent in Russia, and 5-10 percent in Germany, England, Switzerland, Istanbul, and Beirut. A small number studied in Egypt, India, and the United States.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xxii. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Cross-Reference
See PHYSICAL EDUCATION.
-
EDUCATION xxiii. MILITARY EDUCATION
Cross-reference
See MILITARY EDUCATION.
-
EDUCATION xxiv. EDUCATION IN POSTREVOLUTIONARY PERSIA, 1979-95
Golnar Mehran
The history of education in the Islamic Republic falls into two phases: from the revolution to the cease-fire between Persia and Iraq in 1367 Š./1988 (the revolutionary period), when Islamic ideology predominated, and the subsequent period of reconstruction and privatization.
-
EDUCATION xxv. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE QAJAR PERIOD
Afsaneh Najmabadi
The premodern conception of women’s education was varied. In some medieval books of ethical instruction and counsel teaching women to read was recommended, whereas other authors warned against it.
-
EDUCATION xxvi. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND AFTER
EIr
In the 1920s and 1930s women’s public education in Persia was established and grew rapidly. In 1926-27 the enrollment of females in primary schools was about 17,000, 21 percent of total enrollment at that level.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xxvii. IN AFGHANISTAN
M. Mobin Shorish
By the end of the 19th century, mosque schools (maktabs) and madrasas had lost their vitality, rigor, and scope. Internecine struggles among the ruling Abdālī and subsequently among the Moḥammadzai clan ensured that no trace of regular and systematic education remained in the country.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EDUCATION xxviii. IN TAJIKISTAN
Habib Borjian
Modern education in Tajikistan developed as the country emerged as a Soviet socialist republic, under the Soviet policy of standardization, with language as virtually the only variable. In Tajikistan, as in other Central Asian republics, this policy brought about nearly universal literacy.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EFTEḴĀR DAWLATĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-WAHHĀB BOḴĀRĪ
S. Moinul Haq
(b. Ahmadnagar; d. Dawlatābād, 1776), Deccani biographer and poet in Urdu and Persian.
-
EFTEḴĀRĪĀN
François de Blois
a family of officials and poets from Qazvīn, reputed descendants of the caliph Abū Bakr, who flourished under the early Il-khans in the 13th century.
-
EGGPLANT
Cross-Reference
See BĀDENJĀN.
-
EḠLAMEŠ
Cross-Reference
See SAYF-AL-DĪN ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN EḠLAMEŠ.
-
EGLANTINE
Cross-Reference
See NASTARAN.
-
EGYPT
Multiple Authors
relations with Persia and Afghanistan.
-
EGYPT i. Persians in Egypt in the Achaemenid period
Edda Bresciani
The last pharaoh of the Twenty-Sixth dynasty, Psamtik III, was defeated by Cambyses II in the battle of Pelusium in the eastern Nile delta in 525 B.C.E.; Egypt was then joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid empire.
-
EGYPT ii. Egyptian influence on Persia in the Pre-Islamic period
Philip Huyse
In the fields of artistic work, architecture and sculpture, the Persians do not seem to have had any lasting impact on Egyptian tradition, during either both Achaemenid occupations of Egypt, or the short-lived presence of the later Sasanians.
-
EGYPT iii. Relations in the Seleucid and Parthian periods
Heinz Heinen
It remains difficult to ascertain the proportion of ethnic Persians who survived the transition from Achaemenid to Hellenistic rule in Egypt or who came to that country after the conquest by Alexander.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EGYPT iv. Relations in the Sasanian period
Ruth Altheim-Stiehl
The occupation of Egypt, beginning in 619 or 618, was one of the triumphs in the last Sasanian war against Byzantium. Ḵosrow II Parvēz had begun this war in retaliation for the assassination of the Byzantine emperor Mauricius.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EGYPT v. Political And Commercial Relations In The Islamic Period
Cross-reference
See under FATIMIDS; AYYUBIDS; IL-KHANIDS DYNASTY.
-
EGYPT vi. Artistic relations with Persia in the Islamic period
Jonathan M. Bloom
Although direct evidence of artistic links between Persia and Egypt before the Mongol invasion of the Near East in the 13th century is limited, surviving works of art suggest that transfer of artistic ideas resulted from the movement of artisans and their works.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EGYPT vii. Political and religious relations with Persia in the modern period
Shahrough Akhavi
The beginnings of modern diplomatic relations between Egypt and Persia may be dated from 1847, when Mīrzā Taqī Khan Amīr(-e) Kabīr signed the second treaty of Erzurum with the Ottomans.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EGYPT viii. Egyptian cultural influence in Persia, modern times
EIr
Egypt, together with Turkey and the Caucasus, was one of the major sources of cultural and political influences in Persia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
-
EGYPT ix. Iran’s cultural influence in the Islamic period
Moḥammad el Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Moʾmen
During the 16th-18th centuries, when Egypt was a province of the Ottoman empire, Persian literature was widely studied IN THE EMPIRE, and the Persian language was one of the administrative languages.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EGYPT x. Relations with Afghanistan
Ludwig W. Adamec
Both Egypt and Afghanistan came under British hegemony in the latter part of the 19th century; therefore no official relations existed between them.
-
EGYPT xi. Persian Journalism in Egypt
Nassereddin Parvin
A number of Persian journals were published in Egypt, after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.
-
EHRBEDESTĀN
Cross-Reference
See HERBEDESTĀN.
-
ĒHRPAT
Cross-Reference
See HERBED.
-
EḤSĀN-AL-ʿOLŪM
Cross-Reference
See FARĀBĪ.
-
EḤSĀN-ALLĀH KHAN DŪSTDĀR
Cosroe Chaqueri
(ʿAlī-ābādī; b. Sārī, Māzandarān, 1883, d. Baku, ca. 1938), second most prominent figure in the the Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Ḥokūmat-e jomhūrī-e šūrawī-e Īrān), the radicalized second phase of the Jangalī movement in the years 1920-21.
-
EḤTEŠĀM-AL-DAWLA
Īraj Afšār
(1839-92), first son of Farhād Mīrzā Moʿtamed-al-Dawla Qājār and maternal grandson of Moḥammad-ʿAlī Mīrzā Dawlatšāh.
-
EḤTEŠĀM-AL-DAWLA, ḴĀNLAR KHAN
Kambiz Eslami
(d. Tehran, April 1862), seventeenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and governor of several regions in Persia during the reigns of Moḥammad Shah and Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah Qajar.
-
EḤTEŠĀM-AL-DAWLA, ḴĀNLAR KHAN
Iraj Afšār
(1818-88), also known as Eḥtešām-al-Molk and Moʿtamed-al-Dawla, second son of Farhād Mīrzā Moʿtamed-al-Dawla Qājār.
-
EḤTEŠĀM-AL-SALṬANA
Mehrdad Amanat
(1863-1936), Mīrzā Maḥmūd Khan ʿAlāmīr Qajar, governor, diplomat, and speaker of the Persian Parliament.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EḤTĪĀJ
Nassereddin Parvin
weekly newspaper published in Tabrīz by ʿAlīqolī Khan Tabrīzī, known as Ṣafarov, who had distributed political šab-nāmas (lit. "night letters") in 1892.
-
EḤYĀ-YEʿOLŪM-AL-DĪN
Cross-Reference
See ḠAZĀLĪ ii.
-
EILERS, WILHELM
Rüdiger Schmitt
In 1958 Eilers was appointed to the professorship in Oriental philology at the University of Würzburg. Although he was offered in 1962 the professorship in ancient Near Eastern studies at the University of Vienna, he stayed in Würzburg and taught there until his retirement in 1974.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
EJĀZA
Devin J. Stewart
"lit. permission, license, authorization"; a term describing a variety of academic certificates ranging in length from a few lines to many fascicles.
-
EJMĀʿ
Devin J. Stewart
lit. "consensus"; a technical term in Islamic jurisprudence (oṣūl al-feqh).
-
EJMIATSIN
S. Peter Cowe
currently designation of three separate but interrelated entities: the cathedral and monastic complex which forms the residence of the supreme patriarch and catholicos of all the Armenians, the city in which this complex is located, and the district of which the latter is the administrative center.
-
EJTEHĀD
Aron Zysow
in Shiʿism, an Arabic verbal noun having the literal sense of "exerting effort."
-
EJTEMĀʿĪŪN, FERQA-YE
Janet Afary
(FEAM; lit., "Social-Democratic party"), an organization founded in 1905 by Persian emigrants in Transcaucasia with the help of local revolutionaries.
-
EKBĀTĀN
Cross-Reference
See ECBATANA.