Table of Contents
-
DĀNEŠ-NĀMA YE ʿALĀʾĪ
Hamid Dabashi
Persian philosophical treatise written by Avicenna (980-1037).
-
DĀNEŠ-NĀMA-YE ĪRĀN WA ESLĀM
Ehsan Yarshater
Encyclopedia of Iran and Islam.
-
DĀNEŠ-NĀMA-YE QADAR KHAN
Solomon Bayevsky
(Book of knowledge [dedicated to] Qadar Khan), a Persian dictionary compiled by Ašrāf b. Šaraf Moḏakker Fārūḡī primarily in Malwa, India, and completed in 1405.
-
DĀNEŠ-SARĀ-YE ʿĀLĪ
Cross-Reference
See EDUCATION; TEACHERS' TRAINING. See also JĀMEʿA-YE LISĀNSIAHĀ-YE DĀNEŠ-SARĀ-YE ʿĀLI.
-
DĀNEŠ-SARĀ-YE MOQADDAMĀTĪ
Cross-Reference
See EDUCATION.
-
DĀNESF(AH)ĀN
Ehsan Yarshater
locally Donesbon, a village located at 49°45′ E, 35°47′ N in the southern part of the Rāmand district of Qazvīn province, 30 km west and slightly north of Būyīn; it has a population of a little over 3,000.
-
DĀNEŠGĀH
Cross-Reference
See EDUCATION; entries on individual universities.
-
DĀNEŠGĀH-E JANG
Cross-Reference
See MILITARY.
-
DANESHVAR, REZA
Forogh Hashabeiky and Behrooz Sheyda
(1948-2015), fiction writer, and playwright, who received substantial recognition both in Iran and abroad.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DĀNEŠKADA
Nassereddin Parvin
a monthly literary journal published from April 1918 to April 1919 in Tehran by the distinguished poet, literary critic, and scholar Moḥammad-Taqi Malek-al-Šoʿarāʾ Bahār, considered the leading Persian literary figure of his time.
-
DĀNEŠKĀDA
Cross-Reference
-
DĀNEŠKĀDA-YE AFSARĪ
Cross-reference
See MILITARY.
-
DĀNEŠKADA-YE EṢFAHĀN
N. Parvin
a monthly literary journal and the organ of a society of the same name, published in two series in Isfahan by the poet and calligrapher Mirzā ʿAbbās Khan Dehkordi Šeydā (1882-1949).
-
DĀNEŠMAND
Tahsin Yazici
(d. 1104), Amir Ḡāzī Taylu Gümüš tigin Aḥmad (or Moḥammad), founder of a Turkman dynasty in northern Cappadocia toward the end of the 11th century.
-
DĀNEŠMAND BAHĀDOR
Peter Jackson
Mongol commander (d. 1306).
-
DĀNEŠMAND-E ḤĀJEB
Peter Jackson
Muslim officer in Mongol service in the first half of the 13th century.
-
DANESTAMA
Klaus Fischer
a mud-brick structure on diaper masonry foundations located on the left bank of the Sorḵāb river, 34 km north of Doāb-e Mīḵzarīn on the road to Došī.
-
DĀNG
Cross-Reference
See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
-
DĀNĪĀL B. MOŠEH QŪMESĪ
Amnon Netzer
Persian Jewish scholar and exegete of the Karaite sect, the members of which rejected rabbinical writings later than the Bible itself.
-
DĀNĪĀL-E NABĪ
Amnon Netzer, Nicholas Sims-Williams, Parvīz Varjāvand, Amnon Netzer
Dānīāl is not mentioned in the Koran but is venerated as a prophet in Muslim tradition. Eschatological statements and the prophecy recounted in Daniel 12:12 (supposedly concerning the year 1335) have been interpreted by Jews as referring to the coming of the Messiah.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DANISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS
Cross-Reference
See DENMARK.
-
DAQĀYEQĪ MARVAZĪ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD
J. T. P. de Bruijn
b. ʿAlī, the supposed author of a version of the Baḵtīārnāma, who lived from the late 12th to the 13th century.
-
DAQĪQĪ, ABŪ MANṢŪR AḤMAD
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
b. Aḥmad, one of the famous poets of the last years of the Samanid (819-1005) dynasty.
-
DAQQĀQ, ABŪ ʿALĪ
Cross-Reference
See ABŪ ʿALĪ DAQQĀQ.
-
ḎARʿ
cross-reference
See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
-
DĀR AL- ḤARB
Hamid Algar
“the realm of war”; lands not under Islamic rule, a juridical term for certain non-Muslim territory, though often construed, especially by Western writers, as a geopolitical concept implying the necessity for perpetual, even if generally latent, warfare between the Muslim state and its non-Muslim neighbors.
-
DĀR AL-FONŪN
John Gurney and Negin Nabavi
lit., “polytechnic college”; a college founded in Tehran in 1268/1851 by Mīrzā Ṭāqī Khan Amīr-e Kabīr, which marked the beginning of modern education in Persia.
-
DĀR AL-ŠŪRĀ-YE KOBRĀ
Cross-Reference
See WEZĀRAT.
-
DĀR AL-ŻARB
Cross-Reference
See ŻARRĀB-ḴĀNA.
-
DĀR(- E) TANHĀ
Ernie Haerinck
lit., “the lonely tree”; an archeological site in the district of Badr, near the village of Jabar, ca. 70 km east-southeast of Īlām, in the province of Pošt-e Kūh.
-
DAR-E MEHR
Mary Boyce
a Zoroastrian term first recorded in the Persian Rivāyats and Parsi Gujarati writings.
-
DĀRĀ
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E BĀVAND.
-
DĀRA, MIRZĀ
Cross-Reference
See ʿABDALLĀH MĪRZĀ DĀRĀ.
-
DĀRĀ (City)
Michael Weiskopf
the name of a Parthian city and of a Byzantine garrison town of the Sasanian period.
-
DĀRĀ ŠOKŌH
Annemarie Schimmel
(b. near Ajmer, 20 March 1615, d. Delhi, 12 August 1659), first son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān and his wife Momtāz Maḥall, religious thinker, mystic, poet, and author of a number of works in Persian.
-
DĀRĀ(B) (1)
Aḥmad Tafażżolī
or DĀRĀB, the name of two kings of the legendary Kayanid dynasty.
-
DĀRĀB (2)
Massoud Kheirabadi, Dietrich Huff, Georgina Herrmann
the name Dārāb refers both to a šahrestān (subprovince) of Fārs province and to its chief city.
-
DĀRĀB-NĀMA
William L. Hanaway
prose romance of the 12th century, by Abū Ṭāher Moḥammad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Mūsā Ṭārsūsī (or Ṭarṭūsī), in which the adventures of the legendary Kayanid king Dārāb, son of Bahman (also called Ardašīr) and Homāy, variously identified as the daughter of king Sām Čāraš of Egypt or of Ardašīr (=Bahman), are recounted.
-
DĀRĀBGERD
Cross-Reference
See Dārā(b) II.
-
DĀRĀBĪ
Cross-Reference
See CITRUS FRUITS.
-
DĀRĀBĪ SAYYED JAʿFAR
Andrew J. Newman
b. Abī Esḥāq Mūsawī Borūjerdī Kašfī (b. Eṣṭahbānāt in Fārs, 1775, d. Borūjerd 1851), religious scholar, nephew of the Aḵbārī Yūsuf b. Aḥmad Baḥrānī and father of Sayyed Yaḥyā Waḥīd Dārābī.
-
DĀRĀBĪ SAYYED YAḤYĀ
Moojan Momen
(b. Yazd, ca. 1811, d. Neyrīz, 1850), Babi leader usually known as Waḥīd (unique), a title given him by the Bāb; the eldest son of Sayyed Jaʿfar Kašfī Eṣṭah-bānātī, he received a Muslim religious education and, like his father, was associated with the Qajar court.
-
DARABPAHLAN, DASTUR
Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa
Zoroastrian priest and author (b. Navsari, Gujarat, 1668, d. Navsari, 1 September 1734), eldest son of Pahlan Fredoon, who was accorded the title “dastur” (high priest) and the privilege of occupying the second chair in the Zoroastrian assembly of the small port of Navsari in 1670 or perhaps earlier.
-
DARAFŠ -E KĀVĪĀN
Cross-Reference
See DERĀFŠ-E KĀVĪĀN.
-
DĀRĀʾĪ, WEZĀRAT
Cross-Reference
See FINANCE MINISTRY.
-
DARĀMAD
Jean During
lit., “introduction”; an episode in the course of a musical performance, the nature and length of which vary with the material introduced.
-
DARARIĀN, Vigen
Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi
(1929-2003) renowned pop singer and performer on the guitar.
-
DARĀZ-DAST
Cross-Reference
See DERĀZ-DAST; ARDAŠĪR; BAHMAN (2).
-
DARB -E EMĀM
Parvīz Varjāvand
large shrine complex in the old Sonbolestān quarter of Isfahan. The main structure, consisting of entrance portal (sar-dar), vestibule, and tomb, was built in 1453 and expanded and modified several times during the Safavid period.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARBĀ
Cross-Reference
See BĀR; COURTS AND COURTIERS.
-
DARBAND
Erich Kettenhofen
(Ar. Bāb al-Abwāb), ancient city in Dāḡestān on the western shore of the Caspian Sea, located at the entrance to the narrow pass between the Caucasus foothills and the sea.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARBAND EPIGRAPHY
Multiple Authors
epigraphic remains on the walls of Darband, from Sasanian through Medieval Islamic times.
-
DARBAND EPIGRAPHY i. MIDDLE PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS
Murtazali Gadjiev
Thirty-two Pahlavi inscriptions of the mid-6th century CE are engraved on the defensive walls of the city of Darband.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARBAND EPIGRAPHY ii. DAR-E QIĀMAT SHRINE
Murtazali Gadjiev
a medieval Muslim cultic site, now forgotten and non-functioning, in Darband.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARBAND QUARTER
Bernard Hourcade
a former village in the summer resort (yeylāq) of Šamīrān, situated at an elevation of 1,700 m on the extreme northern edge of the capital, where the Alborz foothills begin.
-
DARBANDĪ, MULLA ĀQĀ
Hamid Algar
b. ʿĀbed b. Ramażān, commonly known as Fāżel Darbandī (d. Tehran, 1869-70), Shiʿite scholar and preacher of the Qajar period, renowned for his disputatious and irascible character.
-
DARBĀR -E AʿẒAM
Guity Nashat
lit., “the great court”; a council of ministers established in October 1872 as one of several experiments undertaken in the reign of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96) to reorganize and rationalize the Persian administration on the model of Western cabinet government.
-
DĀRČĪNĪ
Hūšang Aʿlam
lit., “Chinese tree/wood."
-
D'ARCY, JOSEPH
Kambiz Eslami
(Pers. “Mester Bārūt,” “Qūlūnel Khan,” “Qonsūl Khan”; b. Portsmouth, England, 14 March 1780, d. Lymington, England, 17 February 1848), major (later lieutenant colonel) in the British Royal Artillery who arrived in Persia in 1226/1811 with the ambassador Sir Gore Ouseley; he was one of a group of British officers and enlisted men who were to reform and equip the Persian army.
-
D'ARCY, WILLIAM KNOX
Fuad Rouhani
(b. Newton Abbot, Devonshire, England, 11 October 1849, d. Stanmore, Middlesex, England, 1 May 1917), petroleum entrepreneur and founder of the oil industry in Persia and the Middle East.
-
DARD, ḴᵛĀJA MĪR
Annemarie Schimmel
(b. Delhi, 13 September 1721; d. 11 January 1785), poet and author of prose works on mystical theology.
-
DARDESTĀN
NIGEL J. R. ALLAN, D. I. EDEL’MAN
The toponym Dardestān is a social and political construct. Its currency toward the end of the 19th century in many ways reflected an attempt by supporters of imperial India to link the Indian northwestern frontier tracts to Kashmir, with which the British had treaties.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DĀREMĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿOṮMĀN
Josef van Ess
b. Saʿīd b. Ḵāled SEJESTĀNĪ, Persian traditionist and jurist (b. ca. 816, d. February 894).
-
DARGĀHĪ, MOḤAMMAD
Bāqer ʿĀqelī
(b. Zanjān, 1899, d. Tehran, 1952), first chief of the state police under Reżā Shah.
-
DARGĀHQOLĪ KHAN ḎU’L-QADR
M. Saleem Akhtar
also known as Moʿtaman-al-Dawla Moʿtaman-al-Molk Sālār-Jang Ḵān-e Dawrān Nawwāb (b. Sangamnēr, Deccan, 1710, d. Awrangābād, 22 October 1766), Persian official at Hyderabad and Awrangābād, best known for his description of Delhi.
-
DARGAZĪNĪ
C. Edmund Bosworth
nesba (attributive name) for Dargazīn (or Darjazīn), borne by several viziers of the Great Saljuqs in the 12th century.
-
DARĪ
GILBERT LAZARD
name given to the New Persian literary language at a very early date and widely attested in Arabic and Persian texts since the 10th century.
-
DARĪ IN AFGHANISTAN
Cross-Reference
-
ḎARĪʿA elā TAṢĀNĪF al-ŠĪʿA
Etan Kohlberg
a comprehensive bibliography of Imami Shiʿite works in twenty-five volumes compiled by Shaikh Moḥammad-Moḥsen Āqā Bozorg Ṭehrānī (1876-1970); it contains about 55,000 entries for works written up to 1950-51.
-
DARIC
Michael Alram
Achaemenid gold coin which was introduced by Darius I toward the end of the 6th century.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARĪGBED
Richard N. Frye
title of a low-ranking official at the Sasanian court.
-
DARIUS
Multiple Authors
(NPers. Darīūš, Dārā), name of several Achaemenid and Parthian rulers and princes.
-
DARIUS i. The Name
Rudiger Schmitt
the common Latin form of Greek Dareîos, itself a shortened rendering of Old Persian five-syllable Dārayavauš, the throne name of Darius the Great and two other kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, which thus enjoyed considerable popularity among noblemen in later periods
-
DARIUS ii. Darius the Mede
Richard N. Frye
In the Old Testament Book of Daniel Darius the Mede is mentioned (5:30-31) as ruler after the slaying of the “Chaldean king” Belshazzar.
-
DARIUS iii. Darius I the Great
A. Shapur Shahbazi
third Achaemenid king of kings (r. 29 September 522-October 486 BCE). Once he gained power, Darius placed the empire on foundations that lasted for nearly two centuries and influenced the organization of subsequent states, including the Seleucid and Roman empires.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARIUS iv. Darius II
Heleen Sanchisi-Weerdenburg
the sixth Achaemenid king of kings (r. February 423- March 403 B.C.E.). He had been satrap of Hyrcania. Darius was his throne name; his given name is reported in classical sources as Ochus.
-
DARIUS v. Darius III
EIr.
(b. ca. 380 BCE, d. mid-330), the last Achaemenid king. The lack of sources is especially severe for his life and reign. There are no Persian royal texts or monuments, and what is known comes almost solely from the Greek historians, who depicted his career mainly as a contrast to the brilliant first few years of Alexander the Great.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARIUS vi. Achaemenid Princes
Rudiger Schmitt
the name of two Achaemenid princes in addition to the emperors who bore it.
-
DARIUS vii. Parthian Princes
Rudiger Schmitt
In 64 B.C.E. while his father, Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus (ca. 121/20-63 B.C.E.), was fighting his last, losing campaign against the troops of the Roman general Pompey (106-48 B.C.E.), the child Darius was taken prisoner, along with several brothers and his sister Eupatra, in Phanagoria
-
DARIUS viii. Darius Son of Artabanus
Marie Louise Chaumont
A son of the Parthian king Artabanus II named Darius was sent as a hostage to Rome shortly after an interview between Artabanus and the Roman legate for Syria, Vitellius, in 37 C.E.
-
DARJAZĪN
Parviz Aḏkāʾī
(or Dargazīn), name of two rural subdistricts (dehestāns) and a village in the Razan district (baḵš) of Hamadān province.
-
DARKE, Hubert Seymour Garland
John Perry
In 1961 Darke was appointed University Lecturer in Persian at Cambridge, where he taught language and literature for the next twenty years. His particular interests were Early New Persian and Persian prosody. His major research achievement was the definitive edition and translation of the Siar al-moluk, a manual of government by the celebrated Saljuq vizier Neẓām-al-Molk.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARMESTETER, JAMES
Mary Boyce and D. N. MacKenzie
(b. Château-Salins, Alsace, 12 March 1849, d. Paris, 19 October 1894), the great Iranist, was the son of a Jewish bookbinder, who in 1852 moved to Paris to improve his children’s educational opportunities.
-
DARRA-YE BARRA
Remy Boucharlat
lit. "Valley of the lamb", a locality in Fārs province, 2.5 km east-northeast of the Achaemenid royal tombs at Naqš-e Rostam. Several rock-cut monuments are scattered on steep scree and in the cliff on the north side of the valley. The most outstanding feature is the tallest fire altar so far found in Fārs.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARRA-YE NŪR
Daniel Balland
name of a small tributary valley on the right bank of the Konar river in eastern Afghanistan and the corresponding subdistrict of Nangrahār province.
-
DARRA-YE ṢŪF
Daniel Balland
name of a valley in northern Afghanistan, drained by a tributary of the right bank of the Balḵāb, and of the adjoining mountain district and its administrative center in Samangān province.
-
DARRAGAZ
Massoud Kheirabadi, Philip Kohl
or DARGAZ (Valley of the tamarisks), a fertile valley about 50-55 km east-west and 30-35 km north-south in the Kopet Dagh range in northern Khorasan, at about 450 m above sea level, in which are located a šahrestān (subprovince) and a town of the same name.
-
DARRAŠŪRĪ
Pierre Oberling
one of the five major tribes of the Qašqāʾī tribal confederation.
-
DARRŪS
Sayyed ʿAlī Āl-e Dāwūd, JOHN CURTIS
district in northern Tehran east of Qol-hak and south of Qayṭarīya, all former suburbs of the city; it is located about 8 km from the center of the modern city.
-
DĀRŪ
Cross-Reference
See DRUGS.
-
DĀRŪḠA
Cross-Reference
See CITIES iii.
-
DARVĀZ
Jan-Heeren Grevemeyer
a largely autonomous principality with territory on both sides of the upper course of the Āmū Daryā, known as the Panj, until the partition between czarist Russia and the Afghan kingdom in the last quarter of the 19th century.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARVĀZA
Wolfram Kleiss
(gateway), generally an entrance opening wide enough to permit passage of vehicles, in contrast to doorways, which are smaller openings to permit passage through a wall or fence.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
DARVĀZA TEPE
Linda K. Jacobs
(or Tall-e Darvāza), a village site in the southeastern Kor river basin, in Fārs province, occupied in three stages from 1800 B.C.E. to 800 B.C.E., according to radiocarbon dates of the finds, and characterized by an essential continuity in both architecture and other aspects of material culture.
-
DARVĪŠ
Mansour Shaki, Hamid Algar
a poor, indigent, ascetic, and abstemious person or recluse.
-
DARVĪŠ AḤMAD QĀBEŻ
M. E. Subtelny
(d. 1507), Timurid vizier.
-
DARVĪŠ ʿALĪ BŪZJĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
See BŪZJĀNĪ.
-
DARVĪŠ ʿALĪ, AMĪR NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN KüKäLTĀŠ KETĀBDĀR
M. E. Subtelny
Timurid amir under Solṭān-Ḥosayn Bāyqarā (1469-1506) and younger brother of ʿAlī-Šīr Navāʾ.
-
DARVĪŠ KHAN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN
Margaret Caton
(b. Tehran, 1872, d. Tehran, 23 November 1926), master musician, renowned teacher, and innovative composer of Persian classical music.
-
DARVĪŠ REŻĀ
Kathryn Babayan
(d. 1040/1631), a qezelbāš functionary who claimed to be the awaited Mahdī.